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RADT 3020 Rad. Procedures 1 > Ch. 2 - Bones And More Positions > Flashcards

Ch. 2 - Bones And More Positions Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

How many bones in the body?

A

206

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2
Q

The skeleton is decided into two main groups, what are they?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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3
Q

Axial skeleton

A

Supports and protects the head and trunk, comprised of 80 bones

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4
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Provides means of movement, comprised of 126 bones

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer, denser lay of the bone, tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers bone except at the articular ends

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6
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines marrow cavity

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7
Q

Trabeculae

A

Speculated network filled with red and yellow bone marrow

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8
Q

Red marrow

A

Produces white and red blood cells

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9
Q

Yellow marrow

A

Stores fat cells

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10
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Central cavity of long bones, contains trabeculae with yellow marrow, red marrow found at the ends of long bones

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11
Q

Ossification

A

The development and formation of bones, begins in the second month of embryonic life

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12
Q

Primary ossification

A

Begins before birth and forms long central shaft in long bones

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13
Q

Secondary ossification

A

Begins after birth when separate bones begin to develop at both ends of long bones (the ends are called epiphyses)

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14
Q

Epiphyses

A

The separate bones developed after birth at the ends of long bones

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15
Q

5 classifications of bones

A

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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16
Q

Long bones

A

Have a body and two enlarged articulate ends,found only in limbs
Examples: femur, radius, ulna, fibula, tibia, humerus

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17
Q

Short bones

A

Consist mainly of cancellous bone with a thin outer layer of compact bone
Examples: tarsals, carpals

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18
Q

Flat bones

A

Consist of two plates of compact bone, middle layer of cancellous bone called diploe
Examples: skull, scapula

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19
Q

Irregular bones

A

Peculiarly shaped

Examples: spine

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20
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

Very small and oval, develop inside and beside tendons, protect the tendon from excessive wear

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21
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

Patella

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22
Q

3 bone markings and features

A

Processes or Projections, depressions, fractures

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23
Q

Bone Processes and projections

A

Extend beyond or project out from the main body of the bone

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24
Q

Bone functions

A

Attachment for muscles, mechanical basis for movement, protection of internal organs, support frame for the body, stores calcium phosphorus and salts, production of red and white blood cells

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25
Bone Depressions
Hollow or depressed areas
26
Bone fractures
A break in a bone
27
Condyle
Rounded process at an articulate end | Ex: distal end of the femur
28
Coracoid or coronoid
Beaklike or crownlike process | Ex: on the shoulders or elbows
29
Crest
Ridgelike process | Ex: pelvis (iliac crest)
30
Epicondyle
Projection above a condyle
31
Head
An expanded end of a long bone | Ex: femoral head
32
Malleolus
Club shaped process | Ex: fibula and tibia
33
Protuberance
Projecting prominence | Ex: occipital protuberance
34
Styloid
Long pointed process | Ex: radius, ulna
35
Trochanter
Either of the two larger, rounded, and elevated processes of the proximal femur
36
Tubercle
Small rounded and elevated process | Ex: proximal end of the humerus
37
Tuberosity
Large, rounded, elevated process | Ex: anterior superior iliac spine (bump on front side of hip)
38
Foramen
Hole in a bone for transmission of vessels and nerves | Ex: foramen magnum
39
Fossa
Pit or hollow space | Ex: glenoid fossa
40
Meatus
Tubelike passageway | Ex: auditory meatus
41
Sinus
Recess, groove, cavity or hollow space | Ex: maxillary, sphenoid, frontal, and ethanoid
42
How can fractures be describe?
Open or closed | And displaced or nondisplaced
43
Fracture classifications
Compression, compound, simple, greenstick, transverse, spiral or oblique, comminuted, impacted
44
Simple fracture
Straight break
45
Greenstick fracture
Not broke all the way through bone, usually seen in children
46
Transverse fracture
90 degree break
47
Spiral/ oblique fracture
Broke at an angle
48
Comminuted fracture
Shattered bone
49
Impacted fracture
Bone shoved into itself
50
3 types of motion when imaging..
Involuntary, voluntary, equipment
51
Involuntary motion
Heartbeat, chills, perstalsis, remor, spasm, pain
52
Primary control for involuntary motion?
Exposure time
53
Voluntary motion
Nervousness, excitability, discomfort, mental illness, fear, age, breathing
54
How to control voluntary motion?
Give clear instructions, provide patient comfort, add or adjust support devices, apply immobilization, decrease exposure time
55
Required information for an image ID?
Date, patients name, medical record, right or left marker, institution identity
56
How are radiographs viewed?
In the anatomical position
57
Lateral radiographs
Generally viewed from the same orientation as if looking at the patient from the perspective of the X-ray tube, use the marker for whatever side is closest to the IR
58
Oblique radiographs
Generally viewed from the anatomical position
59
IR placement
Longitudinal, horizontal, corner to corner
60
Central Ray
CR - the central or principle beam of Rays, always centered to the image receptor, the CR is perpendicular to the IR
61
Why angel the CR through a point of interest?
To avoid superimposition of structures, to straighten out curved structure, to align the CR through an angled joint space,to avoid distortion of an angled structure
62
What is it called when the central ray is angled towards the head?
Cephalad
63
What is it called when the central ray is angled towards the feet?
Caudad
64
Collimators?
Are used to limit and adjust the size of the X-ray field
65
Why collimate?
Reduces: patient radiation dose, scatter radiation Increases radiographic contrast Prevents secondary radiation from unnecessarily xposing surrounding tissues
66
Shielding guidelines for the gonads..
Shield when gonads lie close or within the X-ray field, hen clinical objective is not compromised, and when he patient is at reproductive potential
67
Projection
Defined as the path of the beam s it exits the X-ray tube, passes through the patient to the IR
68
Position
Overall posture of the Agilent or general body position, also refers to the specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR
69
View
Used to describe the body part as seen by the IR
70
Method
Refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual
71
Essential projections
PA, AP, Axial, Tangential, lateral, oblique
72
AP
The CR enters the anterior surface and exits the posterior
73
PA
The CR enters posterior surface and exits the anterior
74
Axial
Longitudinal angle of the CR of 10 degrees or more
75
Tangential
CR directed around the outer margin of a curved body surface
76
Lateral
CR enters one side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane
77
Oblique
CR enters from side angle (exit and entrance is specific ex: AP oblique)
78
General body positions
Upright, seated, recumbent, supine, prone, lateral position
79
Recumbent
Laying down
80
Supine
On back
81
Prone
On stomach
82
Oblique position
Body is rotated, coronal plane is not parallel with the IR, it is named according to the side and surface of the body closest to the IR, Ex: RPO - right posterior oblique
83
Decubitus position
Alternative to standing, recumbent position with a perpendicular CR, named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying
84
Lordotic position
Upright position in which the patient is leaning backward, this is used in a chest X-ray when the clavicles are in the way
85
Special positions
Trendelenburg's, Fowler's, Sim's, Lithotomy
86
Trendelenburg's position
Supine with the head lower than the feet
87
Fowler's position
Supine with head elevated
88
Sim's position
Recumbent with the patient lying on the left anterior side with left leg extended and right knee and thigh partially flexed, used when giving a barium enema
89
Lithotomy position
Supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports, not used very much

RADT 3020 Rad. Procedures 1 (6 decks)

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