Ch 2 Chemical Composition of the Body

Question 0

Thalidomide

Answer 0

sedative used in the 1960’s to alleviate morning sickness in pregnant women that caused birth defects. contained both D and L forms. L- stereoisomer is a tranquilizer but the D- stereoisomer causes disruption of fetal development and the resulting birth defects. Thalidomide is now being used for AIDS, leprosy, and cachexia (prolonged ill health and malnutrition)

Question 1

Acidosis vs Alkalosis

Answer 1

Acidosis: when blood falls below 7.35 in PH (becomes acidic)
Alkalosis: when blood rises above 7.45 in PH (becomes basic)

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides,

CnH2nOn

Question 3

monosaccharides

Answer 3

simple sugar that contains 6 carbons

C6H12O6

Question 4

disaccharide

Answer 4

formed by the joining covalently of two monosaccharides.

examples include sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar), and maltose (malt sugar)

Question 5

Polysaccharide

Answer 5

the joining of numerous monosaccharides.

includes Starch, Cellulose (can’t be digested by humans), and Chitin

Question 6

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 6

(aka condensation). H is removed from 1 monosaccharide and OH is removed from another. covalent bond is formed between the two monosaccharides and water (H2O) is produced

Question 7

Hydrolysis

Answer 7

opposite of dehydration synthesis- covalent bond joining 2 monosaccharides is broken and a water molecule is needed (used up) to complete their structure

Question 8

Triglycerides

Answer 8

(Triacylglycerol) subcategory of lipids that includes fat and oil

Question 9

Ketone Bodies

Answer 9

Hydrolysis of triglycerides within adipose tissue releases free fatty acids into the blood. free fatty acids are used as energy or converted by the liver into KETONE BODIES. includes acetone

Question 10

Ketosis

Answer 10

Elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood (occurs from low carb diets or diabetes) produces acetone in excess resulting in a “fruity” smell of breath

Question 11

Ketoacidosis

Answer 11

sufficient amounts of ketone bodies in the blood to lower the blood PH. can result in coma and death

Question 12

Amphipathic molecules

Answer 12

Molecules that are part polar and part nonpolar such as phospholipids and bile acids

Question 13

micelles

Answer 13

when phospholipids are mixed in water and polar parts face water molecules

Question 14

surfactants

Answer 14

Made of proteins and lipids. the amphipathic nature of phospholipids allows them to alter interaction of water molecules and decrease surface tension of water. prevents the lungs from collapsing due to surface tension forces

Question 15

Steroids

Answer 15

included in lipid category because they are nonpolar,

Question 16

Cholesterol

Answer 16

precursor for the steroid hormones produced by the gonads (testes and ovaries which secrete sex steroids)and adrenal cortex

Question 17

Prostiglandins

Answer 17

type of fatty acid, regulation of blood vessel diameter, ovulation, uterine contraction during labor, inflammation reactions, blood clotting, and many other functions

Question 18

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 18

responsible for the folding and bending of long organic molecules such as proteins and for holding together of the two strands of DNA molecules
- also responsible for capillary action (tension behind tea leaf mystery) ability to be pulled as a column through narrow channels

Question 19

Hydration spheres

Answer 19

occurs when water molecules surround dissolved ions

Question 20

the pH in blood plasma is regulated by what?

Answer 20

the buffer bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid

Question 21

which enantiomers can our body use?

Answer 21

L (levo) amino acids and D (dextro or right handed) sugars

Question 22

Lecithin or (phosphatidylcholine)

Answer 22

when the phosphate group on a phospholipid is attached to a nitrogen containing choline molecule

Question 23

amphipathic molecules

Answer 23

molecules that are part polar and part nonpolar such as phospholipids and bile acids

Question 24

Peptide Bond

Answer 24

the bond formed between adjacent amino acids. the resulting compound formed is called a peptide. (2 amino acids = dipeptide. 3 = tripeptide, lots = polypeptide)

Question 25

how many polypeptide chains do hemoglobin and insulin have?

Answer 25

hemoglobin- 4 | insulin - 2

Question 26

Glycoproteins

Answer 26

proteins conjugated with carbohydrates

Question 27

Lipoproteins

Answer 27

proteins conjugated with lipids

Question 28

Keratin

Answer 28

protein found on the outer layer of dead cells in the epidermis where it prevents water loss through the skin

Question 29

extracellular compartment contains what 2 parts

Answer 29

- blood plasma and interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) | - disease with too much tissue fluid is known as EDEMA