The last hoorah Test 1 Flashcards
(111 cards)
0
Q
Epithelial cells packed closely together joined together by ______
A
JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
1
Q
multinucleate mass from union of separate cells
A
SYNCYTIUM
2
Q
Epithelial membrane attached to underlying connective tissue by _____
A
Basement Membrane
3
Q
Protein fibers in connective tissue
A
collagen
4
Q
Cartilage consists of cells called _____
A
Chondrocytes
5
Q
layers of calcified material around blood vessels
A
Lamellae
6
Q
bone forming cells _________, are trapped in _______
A
osteoblasts, Lacunae
7
Q
the structure of bone of blood vessels, central canals, and lamellae
A
haversian system / osteons
8
Q
sufficient amounts of ketone bodies in blood to decrease PH, can lead to coma and death
A
ketoacidosis
9
Q
phosphate group attached to N in phospholipid
A
Lecithin / phosphatidycholine
10
Q
fatty acid, cyclic hydrocarbon group, controls vessel diameter, ovulation, blood clotting
A
Prostiglandins
11
Q
steroid secreted by adrenal cortex as antiinflamatory
A
cortisol / hydrocortisone
12
Q
change in tertiary structure of protein
A
denaturation
13
Q
a lipoprotein, transports O2 in red blood cells
A
hemoglobin
14
Q
The base found in RNA instead of thymine
A
uracil
15
Q
proteins that pop out of both sides of membrane ____ vs only one side _______
A
peripheral, integral proteins
16
Q
serve as antigen that determines blood type
A
glycolipids
17
Q
2 types of cells that can perform amoeboid movement
A
white blood cells - neutrophils
connective tissue cells - macrophages
18
Q
phagocytes recognize “eat me” signals ______ of dying cells
A
phosphatidylserine
19
Q
centriole that points along axis of cilium
A
Basal Body
20
Q
Microtubules that pulls duplicated chromosomes apart
A
Spindle Apparatus
21
Q
Proteins that move cargo along cytoskeletal tracks
A
myosin, kinesins, dyneins
22
Q
stored chemicals in cytoplasm of cells
A
inclusions
23
Q
examples of inclusions include
A
glycogen granules in the liver
triglicerides in adipose cell
melanin granules in skin
24
Germ layers from outside to inside
Ectoderm - Mesoderm - Endoderm
25
Digestion of vacuole by enzymes in lysosome
autophagy
26
Membrane enclosed organells containing several specific enzymes that promote oxidative reactions
Peroxisomes (particularly occur in liver)
27
enzymes that promote the removal of H (thus oxidizing the molecule)
oxidasis
28
enzyme within peroxisomes that prevents excessive accumulation of H2O2 by converting it to water
Catalase
29
Site for the storage of Ca 2+ in striated muscle cells
agranular endoplasmic reticulum
30
membranous vesicle formed by the process of endocytosis is a(n) _______
endosome
31
the opposite of exocytosis, proteins that were released are recycled. this reverse pathway is called _______
Retrograde transport
32
the term to refer to all of the proteins produced by the genome
proteome
33
Changes made to the proteins after formation is called
post-translational modifications
34
the 4 nitrogenous bases in DNA
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
35
transcription (RNA synthesis) requires the enzyme _______, which engages with a promoter region to transcribe an individual gene
RNA polymerase
36
regions of noncoding DNA
introns
37
regions of coding DNA
exons
38
the mRNA passes through a number of ribosomes to form a structure called ________
polyribosome / polysome
39
enzyme in cell cytoplasm that joins specific amino acids to the ends of tRNA
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes
40
Enzyme that joins the nucleotide together to form a second polynucleotide chain in each DNA that is complementary to the first DNA strand
DNA polymerases
41
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis both result in the activation of a group previously inactive cytoplasmic enzymes known as ________, activating processes that lead to fragmentation of the DNA and death of cell
caspases (they are the executioners of cells)
42
the gene needed for the apoptsosis of cells with DNA that is damaged
p53 gene
43
______ function as enzymes in reactions involving remodeling of the RNA molecules themselves and in the formation of a growing polypeptide in ribosomes
ribozymes
44
This drives osmosis. also is the reason for the collusion between the enzyme and the substrate. the random molecular motion of water
Brownian motion
45
the model of enzyme activity in which the enzyme undergoes a slight structural change to better fit the substrate
induced-fit model
46
substrates + enzymes
enzyme- substrate complex
47
enzyme with PH of 2, then 7, then 14 and where are they
pepsin
salivary amylase
trypsin
48
enzyme that promotes hydrolysis reactions
hydrolases
49
catalyze the removal of phosphate groups
phosphatases
50
catalyze the dehydration synthesis reactions
synthases and synthetases
51
remove hydrogen atoms from their substrates
dehydrogenases
52
add a phosphate group (phophorylate) to a particular molecule
Kinases
53
enzymes that take a molecule and forms a structural isomer such and glucose and fructose
isomerases
54
enzymes that perform the same function (the shape of the active site is unchanged) but with a different structure
isoenzymes
55
cofactors
metal ions and seleniu, causes conformational change in the protein
56
digestive enzymes are produced as inactive ____ in the pancreas which are activated after they are secreted into the intestine
zymogens
57
catalyzes the addition of phosphate group
protein kinase
58
activation / deactivation of enzyme is achieved by ____
phosphorylation / dephosphorylation
59
the breakdown and resynthesis of enzymes
TURNOVER of enzyme proteins
60
enzyme that catalyzes carbonic acid to bicarbonate and vice versa
carbonic anhydrase
61
principle that reversible reactions will be driven to the side with a lower concentration
law of mass action
62
sequence of enzymatic reactions with an INITIAL SUBSTRATE, progresses through INTERMEDIATES, and ends with a FINAL PRODUCT
Metabolic Pathway
63
a form of negative feedback where enzymes at the branch points of metabolic pathways are often regulated by this process
end- product inhibition
64
football up the rectum ( the end product is the football in the rectum of the enzyme)
Reversible enzymatic allosteric inhibition
65
an inherited defect in the genes that codes for enzymes in a metabolic pathway may result in a disease known as a(n) _____
inborn error of metabolism
66
refers to the flow of energy in living systems
Bioenergetics
67
NAD- what is it and what is it derived from?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from niacin
| its a hydrogen carrier. attaches to 2 e- and one H+
68
FAD- what is it and where is it derived from?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide from riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Hydrogen carrier
2 e- and 2 H+
69
heart attack
myocardial infarction
70
other names for Krebbs cycle and all end products
```
Citric acid cycle and TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
4 CO2
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
```
71
a group of iron containing pigments in electron transport chain and what is the last one?
cytochromes, cytochrom a3
72
production of ATP through coupling of the electron transport system with phosphorylation of ADP is termed
oxidative phosphorylation
73
According to ____ the e- transport system, powered by the transport of e-, pumps H+ from ______ to ________
Chemiosmotic theory, from mitochondrial matrix to space between inner and outer mitochondrial space
74
the inner mitochondrial membrane does not permit diffusion of H+ except through structures called ____
respiratory assemblies
75
the method to form ATP that occurs in glycolysis is called
direct method / substrate - level / phosphorylation
76
the formation of glucose
glycogenesis- glucose is converted into glucose 6-phosphate by using the terminal P in ATP, which is then converted to glucose 1-phosphate. finally the enzyme glycogen synthase removes the phosphate group to form glycogen
77
unlike skeletal muscles, the liver contains an enzyme known as ____ that can remove the phosphate groups and produce free glucose
glucose 6- phosphatase
78
The conversion of noncarbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose is called
gluconeogenesis
79
the two way traffic between skeletal muscles and the liver is
the Cory cycle- gluconeogenisis in the liver allows depleted skeletal muscle glycogen to be restored within 48 hours
80
major form of energy storage in the body
white adipose tissue or white fat
81
the breakdown of adipose tissue to use energy is called ____, and ___ enzymes are used
lipolysis, lipase
82
the process where enzymes remove two carbon acetic acid molecules from the acid end of a fatty acid chain during lipolysis
beta oxidation
83
what does brown adipose tissue specialize in?
Thermogenesis
84
Nitrogen ingested is less than nitrogen excretion
negative nitrogen balance
85
Nitrogen excreted is less than ingested
positive nitrogen balance
86
pyrivic acid and citric acid cycle acids are collectively termed ____
keto acids - they have a ketone group
87
Keto acids that are converted to amino acids by the addition of ____ cannabalized from another amino acid. this type of reaction is called
amine (NH2), transamination
88
enzyme required o catalyze transamination _____ requires _____ as a coenzyme
transaminase , vitamin B6 (pyridoxine)
89
reaction where Glutamic acid donates it's amine group to oxaloacetic acid. this is catalyzed by ______
Aspartate transaminase (AST)
90
the reaction where glutamic acid donates its amine group to pyruvic acid is catalyzed by _____
Alanine transaminase (ALT)
91
The metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids - leaving a keto acid and ammonia (which is converted to urea) - is known as _____
oxidative deamination
92
In early stages of fasting, most glucose secreted by the liver is derived from ______. and what does that mean?
gluconeogenisis. the formation of glucose from amino acids or other noncarbohydrate molecules
93
the metabolic pathway that removes amine groups from amino acids - leaving a keto acid and ammonia (which is converted to urea) is known as
Oxidative deamination
94
excessive water in the interstitial compartments
edema
95
class of glycoproteins that extend from the cytoskeleton within a cell, through its plasma membrane, and into the extracellular matrix
Integrins
96
name all the ways a molecule can enter a cell
1) Carrier- mediated transport
a) Facilitated diffusion
b) Active transport
2) non carrier mediated transport
a) simple diffusion
97
water is entered through water channels called _______
aquaporins
98
plasma has an osmolality of ______
300 mOsm
99
name two solutions that has the same osmolality has blood
5% dextrose solution
| .85% NaCl solution
100
red blood cells are also called _______
Erythrocytes
101
rupture of the plasma membrane
hemolysis
102
homeostasis of drinking water
dehydrated -- blood becomes more concentrated and total volume is reduced -- increased plasma osmolality and osmotic pressure stimulate osmoreceptors -- person becomes thirsty
103
what drug acts on the kidneys to promote water retension?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin
104
greater sal intake leads to ____
hypertension (high blood pressure). increased salt intake leads to an increase of water intake to maintain osmolality of blood but at a higher volume.
105
when the rate of trasported molecules can no longer increase due to a saturation of concentrations
transport maximum
106
glucose is transported from the blood across plasma membranes. this occurs by ___
Facilitated diffusion
107
the transport carriers for the facilitative diffusion of glucose ______
GLUT
108
The Ca 2+ pump is activated by ______
phosphorylation
109
sodium potassium pump. where do the molecules go and to what ration?
3 Na + OUT of the cell for every 2 K + INTO the cell
110
in a pump, when Na+ goes DOWN the concentration gradient, it can help other molecules go AGAINST its concentration gradient into the cell. this coupled transport is called _____ or ____. if the ion goes in the opposite direction, outside the cell, the process is called ____ or ____
cotransport or symport
| countertransport or antiport
