Ch. 2 Chemistry Macromolecules

Question 1

Organic Molecules

Answer 1

• Contain carbon and hydrogen

- Four Classes: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 2

Stereoisomers

Answer 2

Same chemical formula, different spatial arrangement

a. Cis-trans isomers – geometric isomers
b. Enantiomers (optical isomers) = mirror images; rotate right (D) or left (L)

Question 3

Functional Group

Answer 3

More reactive groups of atoms compared to the backbone of the hydrocarbon ring

• Usually contain atoms of oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, or sulfur
• Largely responsible for the unique chemical properties of the molecule
• Classes of organic molecules can be named according to their functional group

Question 4

Hydrocarbon Ring/Chain

Answer 4

Relatively inactive molecular “backbone” to which more reactive groups are attached.
A bunch of C’s and H’s connected via single or double covalent bonds.

Question 5

Organic Acids

Answer 5

• All contain a carboxyl group (COOH)
• It is an acid because it can donate its proton (H+) to the solution.
• Ionized organic acid is designated with the suffix “-ate”

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

1. C:H:O in 1:2:1 ratio
2. Major energy source
3. Sugars and starches (“-ose”)

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

Glucose, fructose, galactose = C6H12O6

Question 8

Polysaccharides

Answer 8

Many monosaccharides together

Question 9

Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation)

Answer 9

How monosaccharides are bonded together covalently.
i.e.
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + Water
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + Water

Question 10

Hydrolysis

Answer 10

A digestion reaction, breaking covalent bonds in disaccharides and polysaccharides for use.

• Reverse of dehydration synthesis
• Breaking covalent bonds

Question 11

Lipids

Answer 11

1. Non-polar and hydrophobic

2. Functions: energy storage, cushioning, membrane function, hormone regulation

Question 12

Lipid Classes

Answer 12

Triacylglycerols, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins

Question 13

Triacylglycerols

Answer 13

1. Fats (solids) and oils (liquids)
2. Composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
   a) No double bonds = saturated
   b) Double bonds = unsaturated
3. Aka neutral fats in adipose tissue

Question 14

Ketone Bodies

Answer 14

Free fatty acids from adipose converted into ketone bodies by liver

Question 15

Ketosis

Answer 15

Elevated ketone levels due to strict low- carbohydrate diets and uncontrolled diabetes
- If ketone levels high enough to lower blood pH = ketoacidosiscoma and death

Question 16

Phospholipids

Answer 16

1. Polar lipids containing a
   phosphate group
2. Important in cell membrane bilayers
3. Can form micelles in water

Question 17

Steroids

Answer 17

3 six-carbon rings + 1 five- carbon ring + different functional groups

Question 18

Cholesterol (as an ex. of a steroid)

Answer 18

a) precursor to steroid hormones produced by gonads and adrenal cortex
b) Important part of cell membrane
c) Precursor to bile salts and vitamin D3

Question 19

Prostaglandins

Answer 19

1. Type of fatty acid with a cyclic hydrocarbon group
2. Serve as communication molecules between cells in the same organ
3. Help regulate blood vessel diameter,
   ovulation, uterine contractions, inflammatory reactions, blood clotting, etc.

Question 20

Protein Functions

Answer 20

Structural, enzymes, antibodies, receptors, carriers

Question 21

Structural (Proteins)

Answer 21

Collagen fibers in connective tissues; keratin in skin

Question 22

Enzyme (Proteins)

Answer 22

Assist every chemical process in the body

Question 23

Antibodies (Proteins)

Answer 23

Part of the immune system

Question 24

Receptors (Proteins)

Answer 24

Receive communication from other

cells for regulation of cell activity

Question 25

Carriers (Proteins)

Answer 25

Across cell membranes or in blood

Question 26

Proteins

Answer 26

Long chains of subunits called amino acids, bonded together through covalent and peptide bonds.

Question 27

Amino Acids

Answer 27

- Consists of an amino group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH) - 20 different amino acids, each with distinct structures and chemical properties used to build proteins

Question 28

Functional Groups (Amino Acids)

Answer 28

The differences between amino acids

Question 29

Peptide Bonds

Answer 29

The bonds between two adjacent amino acids, forming peptides.

Question 30

Polypeptide

Answer 30

Numerous amino acids bonded together

Question 31

Tripeptide

Answer 31

Three amino acids bonded together

Question 32

Dipeptide

Answer 32

Two amino acids bonded together

Question 33

Primary Protein Structure

Answer 33

The sequence of amino acids in a particular protein - Aka polypeptide strands. - The sequence comes from ones genes

Question 34

Secondary Protein Structure

Answer 34

(Basically, the double Helix) The shape of polypeptide bonds due to weak hydrogen bonds. Two Shapes: alpha helix; beta pleated sheet

Question 35

Tertiary Protein Structure

Answer 35

The three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide chain after it has folded up on itself. Formed and stabilized by weak chemical interaction between the functional group

Question 36

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 36

Several polypeptide chains covalently bonded together.

Question 37

Denaturation of Proteins

Answer 37

Changes in the tertiary structure of proteins. Retain primary structure, but have altered chemical properties.

Question 38

Nucleic Acids

Answer 38

Macromolecules include DNA and RNA.

Question 39

Nucleotides

Answer 39

Subunits of nucleic acids. | Composed of a five-cabron (pentose) sugar with a phosphate group on one side and a nitrogenous base on the other.

Question 40

Polynucleotide Chain

Answer 40

Nucleotides bonded together in dehydration synthesis.

Question 41

Nitrogenous Base

Answer 41

Nitrogen-containing molecules of two kinds: pyrimidines and purines

Question 42

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Answer 42

Basis for genetic code. Extremely long, but relatively simple compared to other molecules and proteins.

Question 43

Purines (Nitrogenous Base)

Answer 43

Double ring of carbon and nitrogen. Bases include guanine and adenine.

Question 44

Pyrimidines (Nitrogenous Base)

Answer 44

Single ring of carbon and nitrogen. Bases include cytosine and thymine

Question 45

DNA Nucleotides

Answer 45

Purines: guanine and adenine Pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine

Question 46

Law of Complementary Base Pairing

Answer 46

Adenine can pair only with thymine (through TWO hydrogen bonds), whereas guanine can pair only with cytosine (through THREE hydrogen bonds).

Question 47

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Answer 47

Long chains of nucleotides, joined together by sugar-phosphate bonds.

Question 48

DNA and RNA differences

Answer 48

1. ) RNA contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose 2. ) RNA contains uracil instead of thymine 3. ) RNA is single stranded instead of double

Question 49

Three types of RNA

Answer 49

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. They are all made within the cell nucleus using DNA information.

Question 50

Other important RNA-related molecules

Answer 50

ATP, GTP, cAMP, NAD & FAD

Question 51

Monomers of Proteins

Answer 51

Amino acids (20 different ones)

Question 52

Monomers of Carbohydrates

Answer 52

Monosaccharides (Saccharine = sugar, mono = one.... One Sugar) i.e. - Glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 53

Monomers of Nucleic Acids

Answer 53

Nucleotides | Contains: Phosphate group, pentose (Ribose and deoxyribos), addenine, guanine, thymine, cyosine, uracil

Question 54

Monomers of Lipids

Answer 54

They have monomers, but there are a ton. Typically what you talk about are triglycerides