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Human Physiology > Ch. 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Cell Structure and Genetic Control Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Genome

A

All the genes of an organism or a particular species

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2
Q

Proteome

A

All the proteins that are produced from the genome.

More than 100,000 proteins are produced in the human body.

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3
Q

Plasma (Cell) Membrane (Structure)

A

Membrane composed of double layer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded

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4
Q

Plasma (Cell) Membrane (Function)

A

Gives form to cell and controls passage of materials

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5
Q

Cytoplasm (Structure)

A

Fluid, jellylike substance between the cell membrane and the nucleus in which organelles are suspended

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6
Q

Cytoplasm (Function)

A

Serves as matrix substance in which chemical reactions occur

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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) (Structure)

A

System of interconnected membrane-forming canals and tubules. Two types, agranular and granular.

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8
Q

Agranular (Smooth) ER (Function)

A

Metabolizes nonpolar compounds and stores Ca2+ in striated muscle cells

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9
Q

Granular (Rough) ER (Function)

A

Assists in protein synthesis

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10
Q

Ribosomes (Structure)

A

Granule particles composed of protein and RNA

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11
Q

Ribosomes (Function)

A

Synthesize proteins

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12
Q

Golgi Complex (Structure)

A

Cluster of flattened membranous sacs

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13
Q

Golgi Complex (Function)

A

Synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion, secretes lipids and glycoproteins

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14
Q

Mitochondria (Structure)

A

Membranous sacs with fold inner partitions

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15
Q

Mitochondria (Function)

A

Release energy from food molecules and transform energy into usable ATP

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16
Q

Lysosomes (Structure)

A

Membraneous sacs

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17
Q

Lysosomes (Function)

A

Digest foreign molecules and worn and damaged organelles

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18
Q

Peroxisomes (Structure)

A

Spherical membranous vesicles

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19
Q

Peroxisomes (Function)

A

Contain enzymes that detoxify harmful molecules and break own hydrogen peroxide

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20
Q

Centrosome (Structure)

A

Non-membranous mass of two rodlike centrioles

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21
Q

Centrosome (Function)

A

Helps to organize spindle fibers and distribute chromosomes during mitosis

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22
Q

Vacuoles (Structure)

A

Membranous sacs

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23
Q

Vacuoles (Function)

A

Store and release various substances within the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Microfilaments and Microtubules (Structure)

A

Thin, hollow tubes

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25
Microfilaments and Microtubules (Function)
Support cytoplasm and transport materials within the cytoplasm
26
Cilia and Flagella (Structure)
Minute cytoplasmic projections that extend from the cell surface
27
Cilia and Flagella (Function)
Move particles along cell surface or move the cell
28
Nuclear Envelope (Structure)
Double-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, composed of protein and lipid molecules
29
Nuclear Envelope (Function)
Supports nucleus and controls passage of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm
30
Nucleolus (Structure)
Dense non-membranous mass composed of protein and RNA molecules
31
Nucleolus (Function)
Produces ribosomal RNA for ribosomes
32
Chromatin (Structure)
Fibrous strands composed of protein and DNA
33
Chromatin (Function)
Contains genetic code that determines which proteins (Including enzymes) will be manufactured by the cell (Aka, DNA)
34
Condensed Chromatin
Where nucleosomes are compacted and thus unusable
35
Euchromatin
Activated chromatin
36
Acetylation of Chromatin
Produces a more open structure, activating it
37
Deacetylation of Chromatin
Causes compaction of chromatin, silencing genetic transcription
38
The Cells Three Principle Parts
1. ) Plasma (cell) membrane 2. ) Cytoplasm and Organelles 3. ) Nucleus
39
Cytoskeleton
The latticework of microfilaments and microtubules
40
RNA Interference
- RNA interferes in two ways to stop translation - RNA molecules that don’t code for proteins may prevent some mRNA molecules from being translated. - The expression of at least 30% of genes is regulated in this way.
41
siRNA
Short interfering - siRNA helps to stop RNA viruses or long hairpins - RNA is usually single stranded in our body. If our body recognizes two stranded RNA it tries to take it apart - Uses the double strand RNA's against itself - si comes from viruses, mi comes from our own RNA - Combines with proteins to form RISC which pairs with and leaves mRNA, leading to degradation
42
miRNA
Micro interfering - miRNA is to prevent translation of your own RNA/DNA, stopping protein synthesis - mi comes from our own RNA, si comes from viruses
43
RISC
RNA induced slicing complex. miRNA combined with a protein | Pairs with mRNA to prevent transcription
44
Dicer
Removes the terminal loop in miRNA creation, and cleaves double stranded RNA to produce siRNA
45
Ribosomes
- Will read free floating mRNA to create proteins - The books states that the entire protein, signal included, goes into the ER, when it does not. The signal stays in the ER membrane
46
Ubiquitin
- A unique protein that signals destruction. | - Proteasome will not break down the protein unless something is *tagged* by ubiquitin
47
DNA Helicase
- Unwinds the DNA, so it looks like a ladder, then it is going to split it apart - End up with two single strands of DNA
48
Single Stranded DNA
Abnormal, the body will think it is a virus
49
Single Stranded binding proteins (SSB's)
Protects single stranded DNA, stabilizing them and protecting them against degradation
50
Primase
Builds an RNA primer - RNA primer will provide a Free 3'OH (Free prime hydroxyl group) - DNA Pol III - Starting point - DNA Pol III is going to build DNA from this RNA primer, that begins the process of replication
51
The Cell Cycle
Two main phases: 1. ) Interphase (90% of the cell cycle. Normal growth and function) 2. ) Mitotic Phase
52
Interphase
"G" - stands for growth G1 - Centrioles replicate S - Synthesis, DNA replication G2 - Making more organelles. By this point it has doubled in size to prepare for mitosis
53
Mitotic Phase
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis
54
Prophase
Nuclear envelope disappears, DNA condenses, mitotic spindles builds and moves to opposite sides
55
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle (Meta = middle)
56
Anaphase
(ana = separation)
57
Telophase
Opposite of prophase. Nuclear envelope reforms, DNA decondense, spindles break down Cytokinesis
58
Cytokinesis
Separation into two separate cells
59
Cell Cycle Regulation
Check points in the Cell cycle, ensuring that things are done properly i.e. - G1 ---> S: Start Checkpoint. If it passes, it must start replicating DNA and go through mitosis
60
Kinase
Important checkpoint molecule - Adds phosphate groups to proteins. - Adding these groups either turn proteins off or on. - Kinase adds theses on/off switches
61
Necrosis
Cell death due to injury or damage (i.e. falling) - After damage, cell swells then bursts - This is why the area around the cuts and bruises turn red and feel hot Turns on an immune response, resulting in inflammation
62
Apoptosis
``` Controlled cell death Go through specific changes: - Cell shrinkage - Cytoskeletal collapse - Nucleus disassembles - Chromatin condenses - Cell-Curface Blebbing - The formation of lobes that slowly break off and are eaten by phagocytes - Phagocytes eat old cells and pathogens ```

Human Physiology (8 decks)

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