Ch 2 - Complexity of psychological development

Question 1

Psychological development

Answer 1

an individual’s changes in functioning across multiple domains, including the lifelong growth across emotional, cognitive, and social domains

Question 2

Cognitive development

Answer 2

The changes in thought processes that occur as we age. This includes a more sophisticated production of thought as well as the ability to comprehend and organise information from the internal and external environment

Question 3

Emotional development

Answer 3

The continuous, lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to control, express, and recognise emotions in an appropriate way

Question 4

Social development

Answer 4

The lifelong changes in skills that allow individuals to effectively and appropriately interact with others

Question 5

Hereditary factors

Answer 5

factors that influence development and are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring

Question 6

Environmental factors

Answer 6

factors that influence development and arise from an individual’s physical and social surroundings

Question 7

Genetic predisposition

Answer 7

the increased likelihood to develop certain traits, including diseases, if certain conditions are met.

Question 8

Biopsychosocial model

Answer 8

a holistic, interdisciplinary framework for understanding the human experience in terms of the influence of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Question 9

Biological factors

Answer 9

internal genetic and/or psychologically based factors.

Question 10

Psychological factors

Answer 10

internal factors pertaining to an individual’s mental processes, including their cognition, affect, thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes

Question 11

Social factors

Answer 11

external factors relating to an individual’s interaction with others and their external environment, including their relationships and community involvement

Question 12

Mental wellbeing

Answer 12

an individual’s current psychological state, involving their ability to think, process information, and regulate emotions

Question 13

Attachment

Answer 13

a long-lasting emotional bond between two individuals:
- Secure attachment - trust, value, emotional security
- Insecure attachment - craving/rejecting affection, anxiety, bad emotional expression

Question 14

Stages of development in cognition

Answer 14

Sensorimotor (0-2) - object permanence, goal-directed behaviour

Preoperational (2-7) - egocentric, overcome centration, understand reversibility

Concrete operational (7-12) - understand conservation, classification, perform simple metal operations

Formal operational (12+) - produce abstract thought, reason and logic

Question 15

Crises across the lifespan (0-12)

Answer 15

Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1) - reliable caregivers = trust, trusting relationships as adult

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (1-3) - encouraged = autonomy, independence as adult

Initiative vs. guilt (3-6) - interact with others = independent thought, self confidence

Industry vs. inferiority (6-12) - feels proud of performances = industry

Question 16

Crises across the lifespan (12-65+)

Answer 16

Identity vs. role confusion (12-19) - made clear = sense of identity

Intimacy vs. isolation (19-30) - sense of self/trust = intimacy

Generativity vs. stagnation (30-64) - sense of purpose & connect w/ society = generativity

Integrity vs. despair (65+) - satisfaction w/ achievements = integrity

Question 17

Maturation

Answer 17

the biologically programmed process of growth that has a fixed sequence and facilitates all aspects of our development as we grow

Question 18

Plasticity

Answer 18

the brain’s ability to physically change shape in response to experience and learning

Question 19

Critical periods

Answer 19

the narrow, rigid developmental period in
which a specific function or skill must be learnt
e.g. 1st language acquisition

Question 20

Sensitive periods

Answer 20

the optimal developmental period for a specific
function or skill to be learnt in the fastest and
easiest way
e.g. 2nd language acquisition