Ch. 2 (economics of women's hlth)

Question 1

Average annual spending on health care in the United States is _______ per person. That is ____% of all spending in the U.S.

Answer 1

$9,146; 18%

Question 2

T/F: Healthcare costs are rising faster than inflation.

Answer 2

true

Question 3

T/F: the out-of-pocket costs the national health expenditure is rising with the costs of insurance.

Answer 3

false (it’s staying relatively the same)

Question 4

what act is “Obamacare” ?

Answer 4

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA)

Question 5

PPACA caused _________, not _______

Answer 5

evolution; revolution

Question 6

what has PPACA done (4)?

Answer 6

• expanded coverage to millions of Americans (but many more remain uninsured or underinsured)
• Increases government coverage of the poor and near-poor (Medicaid)
• States offer “exchanges” where employers and individuals can buy insurance.
• Reduction in some Medicare payments (from the government to hospitals)

Question 7

T/F: Numerous Republican-led attempts to curtail or dismantle PPACA, but has stayed largely intact.

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Legal and judicial efforts to stop PPACA (as of 2019) have been _________

Answer 8

unsuccessful

Question 9

Legal and judicial efforts have been able to ______ ______ at PPACA, however-Medicaid expansion

Answer 9

chip away

Question 10

PPACA has _______ legal future (will it be overturned? strengthened? Replaced with universal coverage?)

Answer 10

uncertain

Question 11

Where Do People Get Their Insurance (in order of majority of ppl - 5)?

Answer 11

1. employer
2. medicaid
3. uninsured
4. private
5. public

Question 12

what age group gets the majority of Medicare coverage?

Answer 12

65 - 74

Question 13

an increasing majority of Medicare beneficiaries are _______.

Answer 13

women

Question 14

Provides health insurance for low-income Americans

Answer 14

Medicaid

Question 15

medicaid is administered by federal and state governments, but largely run at the _______ level

Answer 15

state

Question 16

Majority of recipients of Medicaid are low-income _______ and ________

Answer 16

women and children

Question 17

Medicaid and CHIP cover over _____ _________ people

Answer 17

90 million

Question 18

Qualifications of Medicaid (4):

Answer 18

• Income status
• Level of disability
• Need for long-term care
• Dependent of a Medicaid recipient

Question 19

Basic services of Medicaid (6):

Answer 19

• Inpatient and outpatient medical care
• Laboratory + X-ray services
• Chronic care facilities (for persons older than 21 years)
• Home health care for nursing facility services
• Services provided by a physician or nurse practitioner
• Necessary transportation

Question 20

____ ______ people were uninsured in 2016.

Answer 20

27 million

Question 21

T/F: in 2016, 27 million people were uninsured. This is the HIGHEST level in the last 20 years, due to the PPACA.

Answer 21

false (lowest)

Question 22

Rates of uninsured dropped most dramatically in people aged ____- _____, with current rates at 21% versus 34% prior to the law’s enactment (stay on parent’s insurance until 26).

Answer 22

19–25

Question 23

there’s a higher prevalence of uninsured individuals in what ethnic groups?

Answer 23

African and Hispanic Americans

Question 24

_____% of children younger than 18 are uninsured.

Answer 24

10%

Question 25

_____ _________ Americans were uninsured for all of 2004—more than the populations of Texas, Florida, and Connecticut combined.

Answer 25

45.8 million

Question 26

T/F: the amount of uninsured Americans is roughly evenly split between male and female

Answer 26

true

Question 27

if you're an uninsured American, you're more likely to be _______ or _______ (race*)

Answer 27

Black or Hispanic

Question 28

also, you're more likely to be _______ or _____________ if you're an uninsured American

Answer 28

poor or living near the poverty line

Question 29

consequences of being uninsured (4):

Answer 29

- Significant financial risk if require emergency care (less likely to seek care until emergency – much more expensive) - Avoidance of preventive care and proper follow-up care - Ineligible for discounted pricing structures - Significantly less access to care

Question 30

RESULTS of being uninsured (4):

Answer 30

- poorer health - higher hospitalization rates - more advanced disease states - earlier deaths

Question 31

Women make ____% of health-related decisions for their families.

Answer 31

90%

Question 32

T/F: Women earn more than $1 trillion annually.

Answer 32

true

Question 33

More than _____% of women manage their household bills, compared with ___% of men.

Answer 33

68%; 55%

Question 34

Increased participation in workforce and government from women = growing ________ ________

Answer 34

economic power (women making bigger decisions)

Question 35

where can universal healthcare be found in the world?

Answer 35

Canada and the United Kingdom + many parts of Europe

Question 36

Proponents of Universal healthcare =

Answer 36

Health care is a right, not a privilege and should be available to all citizens.

Question 37

Opponents of Universal healthcare (2):

Answer 37

- Overly costly approach - Prefer private sector to manage and fund health care through a free-market approach

Question 38

T/F: Women put a bigger burden on healthcare because we live longer

Answer 38

true

Question 39

Average life expectancy (2012) =

Answer 39

78 years

Question 40

average life expectancy for WOMEN =

Answer 40

80 years

Question 41

average life expectancy for MEN =

Answer 41

74 years

Question 42

Burden of aging rests on _______.

Answer 42

women

Question 43

burdens of aging on women (3):

Answer 43

- Without support of spouses - More likely to suffer from chronic disease - Increased need for prescription drugs, specialty medical assistance, medical equipment (walkers, etc.)

Question 44

Long-term care: Annual cost for home care is > $_________.

Answer 44

$20,000

Question 45

Long-term care: Annual cost for nursing home care is > $_________.

Answer 45

$74,000

Question 46

Most older women in nursing homes spend down their life savings to pay for services (home care/nursing home care) until ________ begins to cover the remaining costs of care.

Answer 46

Medicaid

Question 47

T/F: Less and less family members are taking care of family members when they get older (especially in the US); this is due to more women working today

Answer 47

true

Question 48

negative effects that women as care-givers suffer from (3):

Answer 48

- Chronic health conditions - Depression - Sleeplessness