Ch. 6 (pregnancy + childbirth)

Question 1

which century?
- Women were experts and attended births – men did not

Answer 1

Prior to 18th century

Question 2

which century?
- Physicians at births
- Childbirth moves to hospitals
- Surgical techniques and development of instruments

Answer 2

Eighteenth century (Europe to America)

Question 3

which century?
- Physician-controlled hospital births
- Interventions—Medications, anesthesia, birthing instruments

Answer 3

Nineteenth century (culture of delivery changed)

Question 4

which century?
- Greater technology, medicalization, hospitalization
- Greater mystification of childbirth for woman
- Controlling fertility, but less understanding-irony (more prepared birth + support for pregnant women)

Answer 4

Early 20th century

Question 5

which century?
- Natural-birth relaxation techniques leading toward “prepared births”
- 1970s: Benefits of breastfeeding resurfaced
- Childbirth = joy and knowledge vs. fear and ignorance

Answer 5

Mid-to-late 20th century

Question 6

when did the benefits of breastfeeding resurface?

Answer 6

1970s

Question 7

process of the joining of a sperm cell + Egg cell

Answer 7

Fertilization

Question 8

Sperm cell + Egg cell =

Answer 8

Zygote

Question 9

~___________ sperm cells deposited per ejaculation (variable)

Answer 9

300 million

Question 10

T/F: Only one sperm can penetrate the protective coating of the egg.

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Born with a supply of ~_______ eggs cells

Answer 11

1 million

Question 12

Only ________ eggs remain by the time a girl reaches puberty.

Answer 12

300,000

Question 13

fraternal twins (two eggs released that are both fertilized by 2 dif. sperm and then implanted)

Answer 13

Dizygotic twins

Question 14

identical twins (one egg fertilized and then splits + implants); must more rare

Answer 14

Monozygotic twins

Question 15

how many chromosomes does a zygote have?

Answer 15

46

Question 16

how many chromosomes does a singular egg or sperm cell have?

Answer 16

23

Question 17

development process after fertilization (4):

Answer 17

Zygote->Blastocyst->Embryo->Fetus

Question 18

Within 36 hours of fertilization: _______ divides

Answer 18

Zygote

Question 19

3 to 5 days: Reaches uterus and is known as a ________

Answer 19

blastocyst

Question 20

1 to 2 days: Blastocyst floats freely before implanting in ______

Answer 20

uterus

Question 21

First 8 weeks: Known as ______

Answer 21

embryo

Question 22

9 weeks to birth: Known as ______

Answer 22

fetus

Question 23

Early signs of pregnancy often occur within the first _____ weeks

Answer 23

6

Question 24

Pregnancy tests: detect _____

Answer 24

hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)

Question 25

after FERTILIZATION, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) produced by the ____________ are SUPPRESSED.

Answer 25

anterior pituitary gland

Question 26

after Implantation, embryo cells secrete ________.

Answer 26

hCG

Question 27

hCG stimulates corpus luteum to secrete _______ and _______.

Answer 27

estrogen and progesterone.

Question 28

regulates progesterone, stimulates fetal maturation (lungs, liver

Answer 28

estrogen

Question 29

suppresses uterine contractions, stimulates alveoli of breasts.

Answer 29

Progesterone

Question 30

which trimester do you gain the majority of your weight when pregnant?

Answer 30

second (12-14 pounds)

Question 31

how much weight will you gain roughly when pregnant?

Answer 31

25-35 pounds

Question 32

Fetal sac that envelops the embryo

Answer 32

Amnion

Question 33

Provides protection and constant environment for floating embryo

Answer 33

Amniotic fluid

Question 34

Supplies fetus with oxygen and nutrients from maternal bloodstream and filters waste back to mother for disposal

Answer 34

Placenta

Question 35

The steps that a woman can take before she decides to become pregnant to ensure that she is in good health when conception occurs

Answer 35

Preconception care

Question 36

Preconception care examples (4):

Answer 36

- Folic acid (prevents birth defects – sperma bifida) - Proper immunizations - Healthy behaviors - Nutrition

Question 37

Consume additional _____ calories/day during first trimester and consume additional _____ calories/day second and third trimester

Answer 37

100; 300

Question 38

____% of women smoke during pregnancy

Answer 38

13

Question 39

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) effects (3):

Answer 39

- Growth retardation - Facial malformations - Central nervous system dysfunction

Question 40

causes smaller, sicker babies; higher risk of stillbirths; excessive crying and trembling in infants

Answer 40

Marijuana

Question 41

associated with fetal distress; low birth weight; impaired fetal growth

Answer 41

cocaine

Question 42

risk of miscarriage, premature delivery, stillbirth, poor fetal growth; withdrawal symptoms at birth; increased risk of SIDS

Answer 42

heroine

Question 43

Fertilized egg grows outside uterine cavity; risk factors related to fallopian tube problems; abdominal pain, spotting, ruptured fallopian tube, PID; Can be life threatening

Answer 43

Ectopic pregnancy

Question 44

Ectopic pregnancy occurs in approximately ______ in _______ pregnancies

Answer 44

20 per 1000

Question 45

usually in second half of pregnancy; may or may not have symptoms; can present problems for mother and baby; mothers at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes later in life

Answer 45

Gestational diabetes

Question 46

Pregnancy-related high blood pressure; several other symptoms (Protein in urine; face and hands swelling; sudden weight gain; blurred vision; severe headaches; dizziness; stomach pain); cure is delivery of the baby

Answer 46

Preeclampsia

Question 47

Preterm labor and delivery is labor before week _____

Answer 47

37

Question 48

Pregnancy that ends before 20th week

Answer 48

miscarriage

Question 49

Defined as intrauterine death of fetus

Answer 49

stillbirth

Question 50

Three distinctive signs of labor

Answer 50

1) Uterine contractions every 5 minutes 2) Rupture of the membranes: leak of fluids 3) Bloody show: passage of mucous plug of cervix when cervix dilates

Question 51

stage of labor: the onset of labor to full dilation of the cervix

Answer 51

stage I

Question 52

stage of labor: begins when the cervix is completely dilated and ends with the birth of the baby

Answer 52

stage II

Question 53

stage of labor: the delivery of the afterbirth, or placenta

Answer 53

stage III

Question 54

Nondrug strategies for support during childbirth (3):

Answer 54

- Comfort measures - Mental strategies - Medications

Question 55

type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected through a catheter beside the spinal cord

Answer 55

Epidural

Question 56

type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected directly into the spinal canal

Answer 56

spinal

Question 57

type of anesthetic for childbirth: injected into area around the vagina and perineum

Answer 57

pudendal

Question 58

Surgical incisions made in both the wall of the mother’s abdomen and her uterus

Answer 58

Cesarean Delivery

Question 59

C-section rates have _______ since the beginning of the 2000s

Answer 59

increasing

Question 60

_____% of women in their 40s are childless

Answer 60

16%

Question 61

Defined as not being able to get pregnant after trying for 1 year

Answer 61

infertility

Question 62

Women aged 25 to 44: _____% used infertility services between 2006–2010.

Answer 62

17%

Question 63

Female infertility =

Answer 63

Ovulation disorder

Question 64

female infertility rate:

Answer 64

25 - 35% of couples`

Question 65

Male infertility =

Answer 65

Azoospermia, oligospermia

Question 66

male infertility rate:

Answer 66

25 - 35% of couples`

Question 67

ART =

Answer 67

Assisted reproductive technologies