Ch. 2 Essential Building Concepts

Question 1

5 factors that determine the suitability of a material

Answer 1

Type of material
Shape 
Orientation or plane
Mass
Material surface, rough, smooth

Question 2

Surface to mass as it relates to FFing

Answer 2

The more mass a material has relative to the exposed surface area, the more resistant to heat

Question 3

When a material degrades it also__________. And a change in shape can cause a change in _________

Answer 3

Deforms

Load imposition

Question 4

Most new buildings are_____________and __________

Answer 4

high strength

Low mass

Question 5

Brittle

Ductile

Answer 5

Fracture as it is stressed-
Masonry, tile, cast iron

Bend deflect or stretch as a load is applied
Most metal, plastic and wood

Question 6

4 basic building materials

Answer 6

Wood
Steel
Concrete
Masonry

Question 7

All native woods are not the same, name 6 types

Answer 7

Hard
Soft
Tight grained
Knotty
Old growth
New growth

Question 8

How long before Pine and Spruce trees can be cut?

Answer 8

25 years

Question 9

What is Pitch?

Answer 9

Found in trees, burns like a petroleum product.

New growth trees have more of it than old growth

Question 10

Wood used to be cut from:

Answer 10

The heart of the tree which was denser and had less pitch

Question 11

In what year and in what way did wood standards change?

Answer 11

1986, went from Utility, std, construction grade, and select to 
#3,#2, and #1 with 1 being the best

Question 12

What type of wood used to be used for exterior? Interior?

Answer 12

Douglas Fir
White fir, Hemlock

Now the white fir is used on the eXterioir

Question 13

What’s the difference between full dimensional and nominal dimension lumber?

Answer 13

1/2”,

Question 14

Traditional wood products are primarily

Answer 14

Heavy timber
Glue-laminated beams and columns
Sheathing

Different from EWP

Question 15

Glulams:

Answer 15

Made from smaller pieces, used to be strapped together, then glued. Glues are toxic

Question 16

3 types of sheathing

Answer 16

Plywood-altering veneers at 90

Particle Board-pyrolizing flashover

Decorative sheathing-1/8- 3/8- does not support weight

Question 17

What has replaced plywood?

Answer 17

OSB

Question 18

Can you use Decorative wood sheathing for interior panels?

Answer 18

NO, not by code

Question 19

EWP

Answer 19

Transform wood chips, slivers, veneers, shavings and even recycled products to make wood

New growth wood, cellulose, wheat, straw, lots of pitch and loose grained

Question 20

EWP process

Answer 20

Processed, milled, emulsified (add adhesives, and then auto claved( heat and pressure) into shape

Question 21

6 types of EWP

Answer 21

OSB
LVL-laminated veneer lumber
LSL-strand
CLT-Cross lam timber
GLT-Glue Lam timber
Finger jointed

Question 22

OSB, describe

Answer 22

Urea-formaldehyde
Degrades in sunlight, moisture and heat
Randomly oriented layers 
Will ignite and burn rapidly
Roof and floor assemblies

Question 23

LVL

Answer 23

Phenolic Resin
Native wood stacked with aligned grains
Designed to have load imposed axial lay and perpendicular to the grain
Beams, joists, rafters, columns, studs, rim boards

Question 24

LSL-Lam strand or PSL, parallel strand lumber

Answer 24

Urea, phenolic resin or phenol formaldehyde
Uses strands oriented in a parallel fashion
Used like LVL, but fails sooner

Question 25

CLT-cross lam

Answer 25

``` 3-7 layers Rotated 90 degrees Structurally sound form of plywood, but thicker Eco for sound and carbon foot print Used for columns ```

Question 26

How is CLT a green product

Answer 26

Per 1 ton of wood, it takes 5 times more energy to make concrete, 24 times for steel, and 126 times for aluminum

Question 27

GLT-Glulam Timber

Answer 27

Similar to Glulam Loved by designers for the shapes it can make Uses pieces of timber Columns and beams

Question 28

Finger jointed, FJL

Answer 28

Using native wood, Mitered, pressed and glued to make long pieces of lumber Can make 90 degree pieces!

Question 29

4 types of adhesives used in EWP

Answer 29

Urea form Phenol form Melamine form Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate -expensive

Question 30

Steel is made from

Answer 30

Iron ore, carbon and an alloy agent

Question 31

3 ways steel is formed

Answer 31

Casting, hot rolled or cold rolled...Rick rolled

Question 32

Hot rolled steel - extruded

Answer 32

Shaped at temps above the crystallization stage | Thinner sheets and shapes

Question 33

Cold rolled steel

Answer 33

``` Shaped as it cools Below crystallization temps Stronger than hot rolled Cut or rolled steel Nuts, bolts, wires, rebar ```

Question 34

Two weaknesses of steel from a fire service view

Answer 34

Engineered for specific applications | Softens and elongates when heated

Question 35

Strength of steel

Answer 35

Resists, compression, tension and shear forces

Question 36

Cold rolled steel loses its strength at: Hot rolled steel:

Answer 36

55% at 800 50% at 1100 And it can elongate at 1000 degrees, 10"/100ft

Question 37

Cast iron

Answer 37

``` Brittle Good compressive Ok shear strength Used to be used structurally, Can resist slow heating and cooling, but might explode if cooled too quickly in a fire ```

Question 38

Aluminum

Answer 38

``` Most abundant Soft Height strength/weight Ductile Non corrosive and non magnetic ```

Question 39

Why does aluminum fail in a fire?

Answer 39

Low mass and ductile nature

Question 40

Titanium

Answer 40

Similar to Aluminum Exception to the lightweight view of early failure Expensive

Question 41

What makes up concrete

Answer 41

Portland cement, sand, and aggregate

Question 42

Low slump concrete is

Answer 42

Stronger | Lower water to cement ratio

Question 43

High slump concrete

Answer 43

Is weaker Wetter Flows easier

Question 44

Cured concrete has excellent___________, but poor__ and _____

Answer 44

Compressive strength | Shear and tensile

Question 45

Reinforced concrete

Answer 45

Poured over rebar, becomes part of cured mass

Question 46

Pre- and post tensioned concrete

Answer 46

Has steel cables through the plane of the material, compressing the concrete

Question 47

Precast concrete

Answer 47

Slabs, tilt up, roof, walls and floors

Question 48

Monolithic buildings

Answer 48

Concrete built with wood forms One floor at a time Floors are built on scaffold like platform called false work

Question 49

Unlike steel, concrete is a _____ ________and tends to slowly_________and _________heat. Steel _______ heat

Answer 49

Heat sink Absorb and retain Conducts

Question 50

Spalling

Answer 50

Caused by moisture in the concrete that when heated can cause cracking, cracking can expose rebar which will conduct heat and cause major failure

Question 51

How can concrete buildings be a hazard after a fire to FF?

Answer 51

Retain heat, making it strenuous to do overhaul

Question 52

Masonry terms CMU- Veneer wall-

Answer 52

CMU- concrete masonry unit | Veneer wall- only supports its own weight

Question 53

Mortar is made of | And

Answer 53

Sand, cement, and lime, and water Has little to no tensile or shear strength

Question 54

As axial loads and compressive forces increase

Answer 54

Masonry walls get stronger

Question 55

Composites

Answer 55

Designed to offer maximum strength with minimal mass

Question 56

Plastics def:

Answer 56

Synthetic or semisynthetic material this is made of mold able polymers Derived from petroleum

Question 57

Plastic can be divided into 2 groups

Answer 57

Thermo plastics- can be reheated and reshape do Thermosetting plastics-use heat to form so reheating will breakdown

Question 58

Industry is the _____leading consumer of plastics

Answer 58

2nd

Question 59

Plastic characteristics

Answer 59

Melts at low temps and emits very explosive gases

Question 60

Carbon Fiber reinforced polymer CFRP

Answer 60

Strong Expensive-not used Initially strong until fibers are exposed to flame Release microscopic carbon particles that can burn Fucks up circuits