Ch 2 Evolutionary Change

Question 1

“A cow is a man-made object” “Father of artificial intelligence.

Answer 1

Herbert Simon

Question 2

Artificial Selection

Answer 2

Has a guiding hand

Question 3

Belyaev’s Foxes

Answer 3

Russian Foxes. Geneticist breeding social to social. Behaviour change, coat change, females into heat 2x per year. Shows link between physical and behavioural traits.

Question 4

Coat typically seen on domesticated species

Answer 4

Piebald

Question 5

Domestication Hypothesis

Answer 5

Self domesticated dogs. Friendlier wolves approach human camps to get food refuse and thus are more fit. More fit survival differently than less fit. Become domesticated. Humans notice benefits and becomes a relationship where humans breed for functions. “Convergent evolution.”

Question 6

Convergent evolution

Answer 6

Two evolution paths happening at different points in time.

Question 7

Natural Selection

Answer 7

No Guiding hand or ultimate goal. MOST crucial role in evolution.
Leads to ADAPTIVE CHANGE

Question 8

Factors in Natural selection

Answer 8

Natural selection (most crucial)
Disease
Climate Change
Extra-terrestrial collisions

Question 9

Survival of the Fittest

Answer 9

Coined in referent eto neural selection by Spencer. Discussed as terms of lifetime reproductive success. It’s about the GENES surviving. Staying in the gene pool. Not survival of the individual.

Question 10

Mendellian Genetics

Answer 10

Genese operat in pairs.
Phenotype v Genotype
Is particular (dominant v recessive genes)
Homozygous v heterozygous pairs
Dominant alleles override recessive alleles in expression of phenotype
2 recessive alleles (homozygous recessive) must be inherited for recessive trait to be expressed in phenotype.
In hesitance is particular.

Question 11

Punnett Squares

Answer 11

The crossing of alleles in the squares that look like truth tables.

Question 12

Post-Mendel Genetics

Answer 12

Gemese are found on Chromosomes
In humans 46 (23 homologous pairs)
One pair is the sex chromosome male xy female xx
Number of chromosomes varies widely between species 8 in flies, 78 in dogs.
A gene for a particular trait is found at a particular point on the chromosome, known as a the locus

Question 13

Lined genes

Answer 13

Some genes are linked together when they are passed to offspring. Ex dentition and hairlessness in dogs.

Question 14

Recombination

Answer 14

Genes are exchanged between chromosomes

Question 15

Mutations

Answer 15

Occur in genes

Question 16

Sources of variation that natural selection can act on (3)

Answer 16

Mendelian variation due to mixing of parental genes
Recombination
Gene mutations

Question 17

Some characteristics do not show complete dominance or complete recessiveness reasons (3)

Answer 17

Pleitropy, Polygenic Modifer genes

Question 18

Pleiotropy

Answer 18

One gene has more than one phenotypic effect.

Question 19

Polygenic

Answer 19

Many genes impact on characteristics

Question 20

Modifier genes

Answer 20

Change the way a gene is expressed in phenotype

Question 21

DNA

Answer 21

A chromosome consists of strings of genes (DNA molecules)
Each link in the helix is connected to a base pair that takes 1 or 2 forms Adenine-thymine or cytosine-guanine.
Code for production of amino acids, and they are the building blocks of protein. About 100,000 proteins make up the human body. The formation of protein from DNA is called ??
DNA makes copies of itself via replication

Question 22

Genetic Factors in evolution

Answer 22

Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Founder Effect

Question 23

Genetic Drift

Answer 23

Changes in a population that occur by chance Selected neither for nor against. You may have evolutionary remnants like vestigial limbs.

Question 24

Gene Flow

Answer 24

When animals move from one population to another, they bring new genes with them.

Question 25

Founder Effect

Answer 25

When a new population is started by a small # of individuals. Only a small portion of the genes from the original population are represented.

Question 26

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 26

Idea that we help individuals who are related to us. More closely related, more likely will help/care. Equal to sum of direct (help to offspring) and indirect (helping other relatives).

Question 27

Hamilton's coefficient of relatedness

Answer 27

R value that indicates how related you are to another individual. Gives us a measure/quantify things. Parent child 0.5. Siblings 0.5. Grandchild to grandparent 0.25 Neice and nephew 0.25..

Question 28

Grandmother's prefer their won's daughters to their daughter's sons.

Answer 28

More genetic material from the grandmother in the son's granddaughter because of the sex chromosome. Y can only come from males. So grandmothers x recombines and passes on. Then it all passes on again to the granddaughter. BUT, her daughter gets two X chromosomes., Then recombines to removes some of grandmother's chromosomes. This way, evolutionary way unconsciously knows that granddaughter is biologically theirs. That son was not cuckholded.Reciprocal Altruism

Question 29

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 29

"You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours." Sometimes animals help non-kin. Conditions: Must live in stable groups. Be relatively long lived. Cost of altruism is low compared to benefit. Ex Olive Baboon males enlist help of other males to fend off opponent males. Helper male is more likely to be aided by soliciting male in the future. "Wing man". Interesting because a deferred benefit, not immediate.

Question 30

"We are survival machines, robot vehicle blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes:

Answer 30

Richard Dawkins

Question 31

Gene cantered view of evolution

Answer 31

Dawkins. The selfish gene. Genes are not for our benefit, we are for theirs. Altruism is for the benefit of the gene, not the group.