Ch. 2 Lecture Element

Question 1

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

Give examples of each type.

Answer 1

Simple sugars:
Monosaccharide- Glucose
Disaccharide- Sucrose
Polysaccharide- Glycogen

Question 2

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Give examples of each

Answer 2

Deoxyribonucleic acid- DNA

Ribonucleic acid- RNA

Question 3

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 3

Amino acids- Enzymes

Question 4

What are the building blocks of lipids?
How are they built?
What are examples of each?

Answer 4

Monoglyceride- Glycerol + one fatty acid- most detergents
Diglyceride- glycerol + two fatty acids- phospholipids
Triglyceride- glycerol + three fatty acids- vegetable oils
Waxes- long chain alcohol + fatty acid- Mycolic acid
Steroids- fused hydrocarbon rings- Cholesterol

Question 5

What are carbohydrate functions?

Answer 5

Energy source
Stuctural biomolecules
Cellular Adhesion
Communication
Environmental sensing

Question 6

Define carbohydrate.

Answer 6

Organic molecules consisting of one or more sugar monomers.

Question 7

Single sugars are built from what?

What is the formula?

Answer 7

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

CH2O

Question 8

Define how disaccharides are created.

Answer 8

The bonding of two monosaccharides with a glycosidic bond.

Question 9

What are the four types of lipids?

Answer 9

Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids.

Question 10

What are lipids made of?

Answer 10

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Question 11

Define amphipathic

Answer 11

Having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

Question 12

What are the functions of lipids?

Answer 12

Energy source
Cell structure component
Mediate cell signaling

Question 13

What are the functions of phospholipids?

Answer 13

Common ingredient of the cell membrane
Amphipathic
Organized into lipid bilayers

Question 14

What is the function of glycolipids?

Answer 14

Lipids and oils linked to carbohydrates

Question 15

What is the function of lipoprotein?

Answer 15

Lipids and oils linked to proteins.

Question 16

What is the function of lipopolysaccharide?

Answer 16

Toxic portion of gram-negative bacterial cell wall

Question 17

What is the function of mycolic acid?

Answer 17

Part of the cell wall of acid fast bacteria

Increases bacterial pathogenicity

Question 18

What is the function of cholesterol?

Answer 18

It is abundant in animal cell plasma membrane

Question 19

Define Nucleic Acids

Answer 19

Macromolecules that serve as the genetic material of cells and viruses

Question 20

What are the two main categories of nucleic acids?

Answer 20

DNA- double stranded helical molecule

RNA- single stranded molecule

Question 21

Define nucleic acid structure

Answer 21

They are polymers of nucleotides consisting of:
A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose ind DNA, ribose in RNA)
One to three phosphate groups
Single nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil)

Question 22

What makes up DNA

Answer 22

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Question 23

What makes up RNA

Answer 23

Adenine, guanine, cytosin, and uracil

Question 24

What does DNA do?

Answer 24

Cellular work horse- encodes proteins- every cellular process involves proteins
Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Question 25

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 25

22 genetically encoded proteins 20 "standard" proteins 2 non-standard (selenocysteine and pyrrolysine)

Question 26

How are amino acids connected?

Answer 26

Peptide bonds- amino group of one amino acid is attached to the carboxyl group of the next

Question 27

What are peptides?

Answer 27

Short amino acid chains

Question 28

What are polypeptides?

Answer 28

Long chains of amino acids

Question 29

What does protein folding refer to?

Answer 29

The process where proteins take on higher order structure.

Question 30

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 30

Primary Secondary Tirtiary Quaternary

Question 31

Define the primary level of protein structure.

Answer 31

When peptide bonds link amino acids together to form a proteins primary structure.

Question 32

What are examples of secondary protein structures?

Answer 32

Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.

Question 33

Define the tertiary level of protein structure.

Answer 33

Three dimensional globular structures characterized by covalent and non-covalent bonds

Question 34

Define the quaternary level of protein structure.

Answer 34

When two or more polypeptides come together

Question 35

What are the function of proteins within the cell?

Answer 35

``` Structural scaffolding Enzymes Cellular transporters Cell recognition Communication ```