Ch 2- Sensation and Perception

Question 1

What is sensation?

Answer 1

“more appropriately aligns with transduction, which is the conversion of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment to electrical signals in the nervous system. ”

“Sensation can therefore be thought of as a raw signal, which is unfiltered and unprocessed until it enters the central nervous system.”

Question 2

What is perception? How does it differ from sensation?

Answer 2

Perception refers to the processing of the raw signal (sensation) to make sense of its significance”

“Perception thus helps us make sense of the world.”

Question 3

What are sensory receptors?

Answer 3

They are neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals.”

“Sensory receptors may encode multiple aspects of a stimulus. For example, photoreceptors respond to light and can encode not only the brightness of the light, but also its color and shape.”

Question 4

“ In each case, different types of receptors—generally nerve endings or specific sensory cells—receive the stimulus, and transmit the data to the central nervous system through

Answer 4

sensory ganglia.

“Ganglia are collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system”

Are then sent to projection areas of the brain (analyze sensory input)

Question 5

What are photoreceptors?

Answer 5

Repsond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum

Question 6

What is a threshold when it relates to psychology?

Answer 6

“the minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception”

Its a good example of the psychological element of perception

“ There are three main types of thresholds: the absolute threshold, the threshold of conscious perception, and the difference threshold.”

Question 7

What is the absolute threshold?

Answer 7

“the minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system.”

“Sounds of extremely low intensity may still cause slight vibrations in the sensory receptors of the inner ear, but these may not be significant enough to be converted to an action potential through transduction.”

“how bright, loud, or intense a stimulus must be before it is sensed.

Question 8

What is the difference between absolute threshold and threshold for conscious perception?

Answer 8

a stimulus below the absolute threshold will not be transduced, and thus never reaches the central nervous system. A stimulus below the threshold of conscious perception arrives at the central nervous system, but does not reach the higher-order brain regions that control attention and consciousness.”

Question 9

What is the threshold of conscious perception

Answer 9

“It is possible for sensory systems to send signals to the central nervous system, but a person may still not perceive them. This may be because the stimulus is too subtle to demand our attention, or may last for too brief of a duration for the brain to fully process the information.So its the minimum intensity needed to be perceived

Question 10

What is the difference threshold or just-noticeable difference (jnd)”

Answer 10

“ refers to the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.”

“it is far more important to focus on the ratio between the change in stimulus and its original value, rather than the actual difference between the frequencies”

Question 11

What is Webers law

Answer 11

“states that there is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus.”

“If we’ve calculated the jnd as 0.68 percent for sound frequency, then an individual would be expected to be able to discriminate between sounds at 1000 Hz and 1006.8 Hz (6.8 Hz = 0.68% of 1000 Hz), but not between 1000 Hz and 1003 Hz (3 Hz = 0.3% of 1000 Hz). Weber’s law appears to be accurate for all sensory modalities, except at the extremely high and low ends of each range.

Question 12

What is the signal detection theory?

Answer 12

“ocuses on the changes in our perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal (psychological) and external (environmental) context.This is because Perception of stimuli can also be affected by nonsensory factors, such as experiences (memory), motives, and expectations.”

Question 13

What is response bias?

Answer 13

“refers to the tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors”

In a basic signal detection experiment, A significant proportion of misses or false alarms gives an indication of response bias in the subject.”

Question 14

“ A basic signal detection experiment consists of many trials; during each trial, a stimulus (signal) may or may not be presented. Trials in which the signal is presented are called ____, those which signal is not presented is called ______

Answer 14

Catch Trials, Noise Trials

“hits, in which the subject correctly perceives the signal; misses, in which the subject fails to perceive a given signal; false alarms, in which the subject seems to perceive a signal when none was given, and correct negatives, in which the subject correctly identifies that no signal was given.”

Question 15

What is adaptation?

Answer 15

Detection of a stimulus changing over time

“Adaptation can have both a physiological (sensory) component and a psychological (perceptual) component”

Question 16

“The innermost layer of the eye is the _____, which contains the actual photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical information the brain can process.”

Answer 16

Retina

Question 17

“The eye is supplied with nutrients by what two sets of blood vessels:”

Answer 17

“the choroidal vessels, a complex intermingling of blood vessels between the sclera and the retina, and the retinal vessels. ”

Question 18

Where is the anterior and posterior chamber of the eye located

Answer 18

Anterior: Front of the iris
Posterior: Between Iris and lens

Question 19

“The iris, which is the colored part of the eye, is composed of what two muscles”

Answer 19

“the dilator pupillae, which opens the pupil under sympathetic stimulation; and the constrictor pupillae, which constricts the pupil under parasympathetic stimulation.”

Question 20

What structures of the eye are continueous with the choroid?

Answer 20

The iris and the ciliary body

Ciliary body “ produces the aqueous humor that bathes the front part of the eye before draining into the canal of Schlemm”

Question 21

“The ____ lies right behind the iris and helps control the refraction of the incoming light. ”

Answer 21

Lens

“Contraction of the ciliary muscle, a component of the ciliary body, is under parasympathetic control

Question 22

“Contraction of the ciliary muscle, a component of the ciliary body, is under what control

Answer 22

parasympathetic control

“ As the muscle contracts, it pulls on the suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens, a phenomenon known as accommodation.”

Question 23

As the ciliary muscle contracts, it pulls on the suspensory ligaments and changes the shape of the lens, a phenomenon known as

Answer 23

accommodation.”

Question 24

What is the function of the retina?

Answer 24

“Its function is to convert incoming photons of light to electrical signals.”

“It is actually considered part of the central nervous system and develops as an outgrowth of brain tissue.”

Question 25

“The duplexity or duplicity theory of vision”

Answer 25

“states that the retina contains two kinds of photoreceptors: those specialized for light-and-dark detection, and those specialized for color detection.”

Question 26

Whats the difference between cones and words

Answer 26

“Cones are for color vision. Rods function best in “roduced” light.” Cones are used for color vision and to sense fine details. Cones are most effective in bright light and come in three forms, which are named for the wavelengths of light they best absorb” “In reduced illumination, rods are more functional and only allow sensation of light and dark because they all contain a single pigment called rhodopsin. Rods have low sensitivity to details and are not involved in color vision, but permit night vision.”

Question 27

What are the 3 types of cones?

Answer 27

S,M,L The cones are named for the wavelengths at which they have highest light absorption: short (S, also called blue), medium (M, green), and long (L, red)”

Question 28

Where in the eye has the highest concentration of cones?

Answer 28

Macula “in fact, its centermost point, called the fovea, contains only cones.” “As one moves further away from the fovea, the concentration of rods increases while the concentration of cones decreases.” “ Therefore, visual acuity is best at the fovea, and the fovea is most sensitive in normal daylight vision. ”

Question 29

“Bipolar cells synapse with _____, which group together to form the optic nerve.”

Answer 29

Ganglion Cells “Because there are many, many more receptors than ganglion cells, each ganglion cell has to represent the combined activity of many rods and cones” “As the number of receptors that converge through the bipolar neurons onto one ganglion cell increases, the resolution decreases.”

Question 30

“As the number of receptors that converge through the bipolar neurons onto one ganglion cell increases, the resolution

Answer 30

decreases “On average, the number of cones converging onto an individual ganglion cell is smaller than for rods. Therefore, color vision has a greater sensitivity to fine detail than black-and-white vision does.”

Question 31

What are Amacrine and Horizontal cells in the eye?

Answer 31

receive input from multiple retinal cells in the same area before the information is passed on to ganglion cells. They can thereby accentuate slight differences between the visual information in each bipolar cell. These cells are important for edge detection, as they increase our perception of contrasts.”

Question 32

Visual Pathway refers to what 2 components

Answer 32

“both the physical anatomical connections between the eyes and the brain and the flow of visual information along these connections”

Question 33

Each eye’s right visual field projects onto the left half of each eye’s retina and each eye’s left visual field projects onto the right half of each eye’s retina. “As the signal travels through the optic nerves toward the brain, the first significant event occurs at the ___ ___

Answer 33

optic chiasm

Question 34

“Because the temporal fibers (which carry the nasal visual field) do not cross in the chiasm, this reorganization means that all fibers corresponding to the left visual field from both eyes project into the ______ side of the brain, and all fibers corresponding to the right visual field from both eyes project into the _____ side of the brain”

Answer 34

Right; Left “These reorganized pathways are called optic tracts once they leave the optic chiasm.”

Question 35

In the visual pathway, after the optic chasm, the info goes to _______ then to ______

Answer 35

“the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus” Then to Visual Cortex in the occipital Lobe “There are also inputs into the superior colliculus (midbrain), which controls some responses to visual stimuli and reflexive eye movements.”

Question 36

What is parallel processing?

Answer 36

“the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion. Then, these features can be compared to our memories to determine what is being viewed. For example, most people can recognize a moving car very easily from a distance because they are familiar with the usual motions and shapes of cars.”

Question 37

What is feature detection

Answer 37

A neuroscience concept in which our visual pathways contain cells specialized in detection of either color, shape, or motion.” Color: Cones Shape: Parvocellular Cells (High color spatial resolution but low temporal solution) Motion: Magnocellular Cells

Question 38

The feature detection concept of shape is detected by what cells

Answer 38

“parvocellular cells, which have very high color spatial resolution; that is, they permit us to see very fine detail when thoroughly examining an object. However, parvocellular cells can only work with stationary or slow-moving objects because they have very low temporal resolution.” (Unlike magnocellular cells that detect motion that have high temporal resolution)

Question 39

The feature detection concept of motion is detected by what cells

Answer 39

“Motion is detected by magnocellular cells because they have very high temporal resolution. However, magnocellular cells have low spatial resolution, so much of the rich detail of an object can no longer be seen once it is motion. Magnocellular cells therefore provide a blurry but moving image of an object”

Question 40

The ear is responsible what what 2 types of senses?

Answer 40

Hearing and Kinesthetic Senses (Rotational/Linear Acceleration)

Question 41

“A sound wave first reaches the cartilaginous outside part of the ear, called the ”

Answer 41

pinna or auricle. “The main function of the pinna is to channel sound waves into the external auditory canal, which directs the sound waves to the tympanic membrane (eardrum)”

Question 42

What determines the rate at which the tympanic membrane vibrates?

Answer 42

The frequency of the sound wave it moves back and forth at a high rate for high-frequency sounds and more slowly for low-frequency sounds.” “Louder sounds have greater intensity, which corresponds to an increased amplitude of this vibration.”

Question 43

What divides the outer and middle ear?

Answer 43

Tympanic Membrane

Question 44

Where are the 3 ossicles of the ear found?

Answer 44

Middle ear “The middle ear is connected to the nasal cavity via the Eustachian tube, which helps equalize pressure between the middle ear and the environment.”

Question 45

Which ossicle is affixed to the tympanic membrane?

Answer 45

Malleus (hammer)

Question 46

“The baseplate of the stapes rests in the _____ ______ of the cochlea, which is the entrance to the inner ear.”

Answer 46

Oval Window

Question 47

3 parts of the inner ear

Answer 47

Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular Canals “These structures are continuous with each other and form the membranous labyrinth, which is filled with a potassium-rich fluid called endolymph”

Question 48

“The membranous labyrinth (Cochlea, Vestibule, And semicircular canals) has fluid called _____. It is also suspended within the bony labyrinth by a thin layer called _______.

Answer 48

Endolymph, Perilymph “Perilymph simultaneously transmits vibrations from the outside world and cushions the inner ear structures.”

Question 49

is a spiral-shaped organ off the inner eardivided into three parts called scalae,”

Answer 49

Cochlea “The middle scala houses the actual hearing apparatus, called the organ of Corti, which rests on a thin, flexible membrane called the basilar membrane.”

Question 50

The middle scala of the cochlea (has 3) houses the actual hearing apparatus, called the _________ which rests on a thin, flexible membrane called the _________

Answer 50

Organ of Cori; Basilar Membrane The organ of Corti is composed of thousands of hair cells, which are bathed in endolymph”

Question 51

“The organ of Corti is composed of thousands of hair cells, which are bathed in endolymph. On top of the organ of Corti is a relatively immobile membrane called the

Answer 51

tectorial membrane.” “sound entering the cochlea through the oval window causes vibrations in perilymph, which are transmitted to the basilar membrane.” “Because fluids are essentially incompressible, the round window, a membrane-covered hole in the cochlea, permits the perilymph to actually move within the cochlea”

Question 52

“ Like the rods and cones of the eye, the ______ convert the physical stimulus into an electrical signal, which is carried to the central nervous system by the auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve.”

Answer 52

the hair cells in the organ of Corti

Question 53

“fluids are not as compressible as gases; therefore, the ___ ____ must be present to allow the perilymph in the cochlea to actually move back and forth with the stapedial footplate.”

Answer 53

Round window

Question 54

“The vestibule refers to the portion of the bony labyrinth that contains the

Answer 54

utricle and saccule.” “These structures are sensitive to linear acceleration, so are used as part of the balancing apparatus and to determine one’s orientation in three-dimensional space. ” “The utricle and saccule contain modified hair cells covered with otoliths. As the body accelerates, these otoliths will resist that motion. This bends and stimulates the underlying hair cells, which send a signal to the brain.”

Question 55

“The utricle and saccule contain modified hair cells covered with ______.

Answer 55

Otoliths As the body accelerates, these otoliths will resist that motion. This bends and stimulates the underlying hair cells, which send a signal to the brain.”

Question 56

What parts of the inner ear are responsible for rotational and linear acceleration?

Answer 56

Vestibule (utricle and saccule)--Linear acceleration (otoliths) Semicircular Canals- Rotational Acceleration

Question 57

How does the semicircular canals detect rotational acceleration?

Answer 57

“The semicircular canals are arranged perpendicularly to each other, and each ends in a swelling called an ampulla, where hair cells are located. When the head rotates, endolymph in the semicircular canal resists this motion, bending the underlying hair cells, which send a signal to the brain.”

Question 58

“Most sound information passes through the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brainstem, where it ascends to the ___________ of the thalamus.”

Answer 58

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) “From there, it projects to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe for sound processing. Some information is also sent to the superior olive, which localizes the sound, and the inferior colliculus, which is involved in the startle reflex and helps keep the eyes fixed on a point while the head is turned (vestibulo–ocular reflex).” “The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is for light; the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) is for music.”

Question 59

Parts of the thalamus that receive input from the optic and auditory nerve.

Answer 59

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is for light; the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) is for music.”

Question 60

“The basilar membrane changes thickness depending on its location in the cochlea. The ______ pitches cause vibrations of the basilar membrane very close to the oval window, whereas _______ cause vibrations at the apex, away from the oval window”

Answer 60

The highest-frequency; low-frequency pitches Thus the cochlea is tonotopically organized: which hair cells are vibrating gives the brain an indication of the pitch of the sound.”

Question 61

is the only sense that does not pass through the thalamus, but rather travels—unfiltered—into higher-order brain centers.”

Answer 61

Smell

Question 62

What are pheromones

Answer 62

Pheromones are secreted by one person or animal, and once bonded with chemoreceptors, compel or urge another to behave in a specific way.”

Question 63

Name the olfactory pathway

Answer 63

“Odor molecules are inhaled into the nasal passages and then contact the olfactory nerves in the olfactory epithelium. These receptor cells are activated, sending signals to the olfactory bulb. These signals are then relayed via the olfactory tract to higher regions of the brain, including the limbic system.”

Question 64

“Flavor is not synonymous with taste, but rather refers to

Answer 64

the complex interplay between smell and taste, which can be affected by nonchemical stimuli like texture and the individual’s mood.”

Question 65

“The receptors for taste are groups of cells called taste buds, which are found in little bumps on the tongue called papillae. ”

Answer 65

taste buds; papillae “Taste information travels from taste buds to the brainstem, and then ascend to the taste center in the thalamus before traveling to higher-order brain regions.”

Question 66

Somatosensation refers to the sense of

Answer 66

Touch “It is usually described as having four modalities: pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature.”

Question 67

What are the 4 modalities of touch?

Answer 67

pressure, vibration, pain, and temperature.” “Pacinian corpuscles: respond to deep pressure and vibration Meissner corpuscles: respond to light touch Merkle discs: respond to deep pressure and texture Ruffini endings: respond to stretch Free nerve endings: respond to pain and temperature

Question 68

Free nerve endings: respond to

Answer 68

pain and temperature

Question 69

“Ruffini endings: respond to

Answer 69

stretch” “Transduction occurs in the receptors, which send the signal to the central nervous system where it eventually travels to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.”

Question 70

Meissner corpuscles respond to

Answer 70

Light touch “Transduction occurs in the receptors, which send the signal to the central nervous system where it eventually travels to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.”

Question 71

What 2 types of receptors that receive tactile information respond to deep pressure

Answer 71

Pacinian corpuscles and Merkle Discs “Transduction occurs in the receptors, which send the signal to the central nervous system where it eventually travels to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe.”

Question 72

What is a two-point threshold

Answer 72

“the minimum distance necessary between two points of stimulation on the skin such that the points will be felt as two distinct stimuli. The size of the two-point threshold depends on the density of nerves in the particular area of skin being tested.”

Question 73

“Temperature is judged relative to ______, or the normal temperature of the skin (between 86 and 97°F).

Answer 73

Physiological Zero Thus, an object feels “cold” because it is under physiological zero; an object feels “warm” because it is above physiological zero.”

Question 74

What is the gate theory of pain

Answer 74

“proposes that there is a special “gating” mechanism that can turn pain signals on or off, affecting whether or not we perceive pain. “In this theory, the spinal cord is able to preferentially forward the signals from other touch modalities (pressure, temperature) to the brain, thus reducing the sensation of pain. ”

Question 75

What is Kinesthetic sense or proprioception”

Answer 75

“refers to the ability to tell where one’s body is in space.” “The receptors for proprioception are found mostly in muscle and joints, and play critical roles in hand–eye coordination, balance, and mobility.”

Question 76

The receptors for proprioception are found mostly in

Answer 76

muscle and joints, and play critical roles in hand–eye coordination, balance, and mobility.”

Question 77

“Modern theories of object recognition assume at least two major types of psychological processing

Answer 77

“Bottom-up (data-driven) processing and top-down (conceptually driven) processing “ Bottom-up (data-driven) processing refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection, as described earlier. Essentially, the brain takes the individual sensory stimuli and combines them together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is. Top-down (conceptually driven) processing is driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations. In other words, top-down processing allows us to quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze their specific parts. ”

Question 78

What is the difference between bottom up and top down processing?

Answer 78

“ Bottom-up (data-driven) processing refers to object recognition by parallel processing and feature detection, as described earlier. Essentially, the brain takes the individual sensory stimuli and combines them together to create a cohesive image before determining what the object is. Top-down (conceptually driven) processing is driven by memories and expectations that allow the brain to recognize the whole object and then recognize the components based on these expectations. In other words, top-down processing allows us to quickly recognize objects without needing to analyze their specific parts. ”

Question 79

What is perceptual organization?

Answer 79

“refers to the ability to use top-down and bottom up processing, in tandem with all of the other sensory clues about an object, to create a complete picture or idea.” “Most of the images we see in everyday life are incomplete; often, we may only be able to see a part of an object and must infer what the rest of the object looks like. By using what information is available in terms of depth, form, motion, constancy, and other clues, we can often “fill in the gaps” using Gestalt principles.”

Question 80

“Gestalt principles generally follow what same basic idea”

Answer 80

“these are ways for the brain to infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete.” 1. Proximity 2. Similarity 3. Continuation 4. Subjective Contours 5. Closure

Question 81

The law of proximity related to Gestalts principles is

Answer 81

“The law of proximity says that elements close to one another tend to be perceived as a unit”

Question 82

The law of proximity related to Gestalts principles is

Answer 82

“The law of similarity says that objects that are similar tend to be grouped together.”

Question 83

Subjective Contours related to Gestalts principles have to do with

Answer 83

“perceiving contours and, therefore, shapes that are not actually present in the stimulus “subjective contours lead to the perception of a white diamond on a black square with its corners lying on the four circles”

Question 84

The law of closure related to Gestalts principles is

Answer 84

“says that when a space is enclosed by a contour it tends to be perceived as a complete figure. Closure also refers to the fact that certain figures tend to be perceived as more complete (or closed) than they really are.”

Question 85

“ Taken altogether, the Gestalt principles are governed by the ______, which says that perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible.”

Answer 85

law of prägnanz

Question 86

“is the conversion, or transduction, of physical, electromagnetic, auditory, and other information from the internal and external environment into electrical signals in the nervous system.”

Answer 86

Sensation

Question 87

“are nerves that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals.”

Answer 87

Sensory Receptors

Question 88

“Sensory neurons are associated with _________ collections of cell bodies outside the central nervous system.”

Answer 88

sensory ganglia:

Question 89

“Sensory stimuli are transmitted to _________ in the brain, which further analyze the sensory input.”

Answer 89

Projection Areas

Question 90

“states that the jnd for a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus, and that this proportion is constant over most of the range of possible stimuli.”

Answer 90

Webers Law

Question 91

“is the minimum of stimulus energy that is needed to activate a sensory system.”

Answer 91

Absolute Threshold

Question 92

“is the minimum of stimulus energy that will create a signal large enough in size and long enough in duration to be brought into awareness.”

Answer 92

“The threshold of conscious perception”

Question 93

is the minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference.”

Answer 93

“The difference threshold or just-noticeable difference (jnd) ”

Question 94

“ refers to the effects of nonsensory factors, such as experiences, motives, and expectations, on perception of stimuli.”

Answer 94

Signal Detection Theory “ allow us to look at response bias. In a signal detection experiment, a stimulus may or may not be given, and the subject is asked to state whether “or not the stimulus was given. There are four possible outcomes: hits, misses, false alarms, or correct negatives.”

Question 95

What are the 4 possible outcomes in a signal detection experiment to allow us to look at response bias

Answer 95

“hits, misses, false alarms, or correct negatives.”

Question 96

“The_____ divides the front of the eye into the anterior and posterior chamber. ”

Answer 96

Iris “It contains two muscles, the dilator and constrictor pupillae, which open and close the pupil.”

Question 97

The iris contains what 2 muscles

Answer 97

the dilator and constrictor pupillae, which open and close the pupil.”

Question 98

“The lens refracts incoming light to focus it on the retina and is held in place by suspensory ligaments connected to the”

Answer 98

ciliary muscle.

Question 99

“The ciliary body produces aqueous humor, which drains through

Answer 99

the canal of Schlemm.”

Question 100

“The retina contains rods and cones. Rods detect light and dark; cones come in three forms:

Answer 100

(short-, medium-, and long-wavelength) to detect colors.”

Question 101

“The center of the macula is the _____, which contains only cones.”

Answer 101

Fovea

Question 102

“Rods and cones synapse on bipolar cells, which synapse on ”

Answer 102

ganglion cells. “ Integration of the signals from ganglion cells and edge-sharpening is performed by horizontal and amacrine cells.”

Question 103

What is the visual pathway of the eye

Answer 103

“The visual pathway starts from the eye, and travels through the optic nerves, optic chiasm, optic tracts, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, and visual radiations to get to the visual cortex.” “The optic chiasm contains fibers crossing from the nasal side of the retina (temporal visual fields) of both eyes. The visual radiations run through the temporal and parietal lobes. The visual cortex is in the occipital lobe.”

Question 104

“Vision, like all senses, is processed through _______: the ability to simultaneously analyze and combine information regarding color, shape, and motion.”

Answer 104

Parallel Processing - Color is detected by cones.” - Shape is detected by parvocellular cells, with high spatial resolution and low temporal resolution. - Motion is detected by magnocellular cells, with low spatial resolution and high temporal resolution.

Question 105

3 parts of the outer ear

Answer 105

“pinna (auricle), external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane.”

Question 106

“The inner ear contains the bony labyrinth, within which is the

Answer 106

membranous labyrinth. ” “The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph; the membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph.” “The membranous labyrinth consists of the cochlea, which detects sound; utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration; and semicircular canals, which detect rotational acceleration.”

Question 107

“The bony labyrinth is filled with _______; the membranous labyrinth is filled with _______.”

Answer 107

Perilymph, Endolymph “The membranous labyrinth consists of the cochlea, which detects sound; utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration; and semicircular canals, which detect rotational acceleration.”

Question 108

“The membranous labyrinth consists of

Answer 108

the cochlea, which detects sound; utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration; and semicircular canals, which detect rotational acceleration.”

Question 109

“The auditory pathway starts from the cochlea and travels through the vestibulocochlear nerve and ________ of the thalamus to get to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.”

Answer 109

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) “Sound information also projects to the superior olive, which localizes the sound, and the inferior colliculus, which is involved in the startle reflex.”

Question 110

“The olfactory pathway starts from the olfactory nerves and travels through the _______ and olfactory tract to get to higher-order brain areas, such as the limbic system.”

Answer 110

olfactory bulb

Question 111

“The gate theory of pain states that

Answer 111

pain sensation is reduced when other somatosensory signals are present.”

Question 112

“refers to recognition of objects by parallel processing and feature detection. It is slower, but less prone to mistakes.”

Answer 112

“Bottom-up (data-driven) processing”

Question 113

“refers to recognition of an object by memories and expectations, with little attention to detail. It is faster, but more prone to mistakes.”

Answer 113

“Top-down (conceptually driven)”

Question 114

“are ways that the brain can infer missing parts of a picture when a picture is incomplete.”

Answer 114

Gestalt principles

Question 115

“The law of prägnanz says that

Answer 115

perceptual organization will always be as regular, simple, and symmetric as possible.”