Z-TPR-Biological Fdn of Behavior Flashcards
(285 cards)
1
Q
Basic functional and structural unit of the ns Have only 1 axon but many dendrites
A
Neuron
2
Q
Electrochemical signals of the ns
A
Action potential
3
Q
Central cell body of neuron
A
Soma
4
Q
Neurons with one dendrite
A
Bipolar
5
Q
Neurons with many dendrites
A
Multipolar
6
Q
Receive signals in a neuron
A
Dendrites
7
Q
Carry action potentials away from the cell body
A
Axons
8
Q
Part of neuron that forms connections with target cells
A
Synaptic knob
9
Q
Very small gap where chemical messengers are released
A
Synaptic cleft
10
Q
Difference between neuron and nerve
A
Neuron is a single cellNerve is a large bundle of many different axons from many neurons
11
Q
What is the resting potential?
A
Electric potential across pm at -70 Millivolts (mV)
12
Q
What is the overall charge of the interior with respect to exterior of the cell
A
Negative
13
Q
What are the 2 primary membrane proteins required to establish resting membrane potential?
A
na+/k+ ATPase And potassium leak channels
14
Q
Action potential signal transformed into chemical signal with the release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
A
Synaptic transmission
15
Q
Sodium potassium ATPase pumps how many sodiums out and how many potassiums inHow many atp does it hydrolize each time?What form of transport?
A
3 sodium ions out2 potassiums in1 atp hydrolysisActive
16
Q
Channels that are open all the time and allow ions to flow across membranes according to gradient
A
Leak channels
17
Q
Are neurons only cells w resting membrane potential?
A
No..all cells have resting membrane potential. Neurons and muscle cells are the only ones who use it to generate action potentials
18
Q
What makes the cell interiorly negative?
A
Flow of potassium outside of the cell thru leak channels and 2. Sodium potassium ATPase
19
Q
A disturbance in the membrane potential where a wave of depolarization of the pm travels along an axon
A
Action potential
20
Q
Change in membrane potential from resting membrane -70 mV to a more positive potential
A
Depolarization
21
Q
Returns membrane potential to normal after depolarization
A
Repolarization
22
Q
Key proteins in propagation of action potentials
A
Voltage gated sodium channels
23
Q
What is the threshold potential
A
-50 mV
24
Q
When threshold potential is reached what happens to channels
A
Open fully and sodium flows in cell Depolarizes to about +35 and makes it more positive
25
Voltage gated channels require what to open
Reach a threshold potential of -50 mV
26
Factors that produce repolarization
1: voltage gated sodium channels inactivate very quickly after opening. Remain inactivated until resting membrane potential reached2: Voltage gated potassi channels open slowly and potassium goes OUT towards gradient and makes it more negative insideIt overshoots to about -90 mV then closes3. Potassium leak channels and sodium/potassium ATPase continue to function to bring back to -70 (would repolarize membrane alone but takes too long)
27
More potassium leak channels or potassium leak channels
Mostly potassium leak channels 100:1 ratioMembrane virtually impermeable to sodium
28
Myelenate neurons in the pns
Schwann cells
29
Myelinate neurons in the cns
Oligodendrocytes
30
Would neuron be able to conduct action potential of completely wrapped in myelin?
No. Ions can't enter or exit where Adonai membrane covered with myelin
31
Rapid jumping conduction in myelinated axons
Salt story conduction
32
Periodic gaps in myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
33
Guide neuronal development in cnsRegulate synaptic communication via regulation of neurotransmitter level in cns
Astrocytes
34
Remove dead cells and debris in cns
Microglia
35
Produce and circulate csf in cns
Ependynal cells
36
During action potentials movement of sodium and potassi across membrane thru voltage gated Channels are Passive or active
Passive
37
Membrane potential all where gradient driving force doesn't exist (ie no net movement of ions across membrane)
Equilibrium potential
38
2 phases of the refractory period
Absolute refractory periodRelative refractory period
39
A neuron can't fire another action potential no matter how strong depolarization is induced Voltage gate sodium channels inactivatedCan't open again until membrane potential reaches resting potential
Absolute refractory period
40
Part of refractory period where neuron can be induced to transmit action potential but depolarization required greater than normal cuz it's hyperpolarized
Relative refractory period
41
2 types of synapse
Electrical and chemical
42
Occur when cytoplasm of 2 cells joined by gap junctionsAP spreads directly from one cell to anotherNot common but important in smooth and cardiac muscle
Electrical synapse
43
Found at axon ends where they meet target cellAP converted into chemical signal
Chemical synapse
44
Neuro transmitters bind to what
Ligand gated ion channels
45
Neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
46
A neurotransmitter is what if it opens a channel that depolarizes post synaptic membrane
Excitatory
47
A neurotransmitter is what if it makes the post synaptic membrane more negative or hyperpolarized
Inhibitory
48
Each pre synaptic neuron can release how many types of neurotransmittersPost synaptic neurons may respond to one or many different neurotransmitters
1Many
49
Addition of stimuli of both excitatory and inhibitory on decision on whether to fire action potential or not
Summation
50
Excitatory Neuro transmitters cause post synaptic depolarization or
Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP)
51
Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause
Inhibitory post synaptic potentials
52
A form of summation where presynaptic neuron fires ap so fast that esps and isps pile on each otherIf enough esps=apIf isps=hyperpolarized
Temporal summation
53
Form of summation where both epsp and ipsp from all synapses on post synaptic membrane summed at any given moment
Spatial summation
54
How can pre synaptic neuron increase intensity of signal?
Increase ap frequencyAdds up thru temporal summation and increases response
55
True or false: Magnitude of depolarization doesn't change
True
56
True or false: a neuron can only release one type of Neuro transmitter and can't change this
True
57
T or f:Speed of propagation doesn't change when considering multiple action potentials
True
58
Receiving information is what part of the nervous system
Carried out by what?
Sensory
PNS
59
Processing information in the nervous system is the what function
Carried out by what?
Integrative
CNS
60
Acting out part of the nervous system is the
Carried out by what part?
Motor
PNS
61
Carry info from nervous system to organs
Motor neurons
62
Act upon information from motor neurons
Effectors
63
What are the 2 types of effectors?
Muscles and Glands
64
Motor neurons that activate effectors are called what neurons
Efferent
65
Sensory neurons that carry info toward CNS are called what neurons
Afferent
66
Afferent neurons are what type of neurons
Sensory Neurons
67
Simplest example of nervous system activity is the
reflex
68
Sensory neuron transmits AP to a synapse with a motor neuron in the spinal cords which causes action to occur
Reflex
69
Sensory neuron transmits information to what in the spinal cord?
Motor neuron cell body
70
A reflex involving 2 neurons and 1 synapse
Monosynaptic Reflex Arc
71
A short neuron that forms an inhibitory synapse with a motor neuron innervating the hamstring muscle for example (so it relaxes while the quads contracts)
Inhibitory Interneuron
72
In a reflex, concurrent relaxation of the hamstring and contraction of the quadriceps is an example of
Reciprocal Inhibition
73
The peripheral nervous system can be divided into what parts
Somatic and Autonomic
74
Portion of PNS involved with conscious sensation and deliberate voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
Somatic
75
Portion of PNS concerned with digestion, metabolism, circulation, perspiration, and other involuntary processes
Autonomic
76
Efferent portions of autonomic division of PNS are called
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
77
Parasympathetic effects on glands and motility
Stimulation
78
Parasympathetic effects on sphincters
Relaxation
79
Parasympathetic effects on bladder
Contraction
80
Parasympathetic effects of bronchial smooth muscle
Constriction (closes airways)
81
Parasympathetic effects on HR and Contractility
Decreased
82
Parasympathetic effects on pupil and lens
Dilation
Good Clear vision
83
Parasympathetic effects on genitals
Erection/Lubrication
84
Sympathetic Effects on glands and motility in digestive system
Inhibition
85
Sympathetic Effects on bladder
Relaxation
86
Sympathetic Effects on HR and contractility
Increased
87
Sympathetic Effects on skin
Sweating and vasoconstriction
Blushing
88
Sympathetic Effects on Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine release
89
Sympathetic Effects on genitals
Ejaculation/Orgasm
90
The 2 main anatomical division of the nervous system
CNS and PNS
91
2 main components of CNS
Brain and Spinal Chord
92
PNS parts
Axons Dentrites and Cell bodies
93
Most neuronal cell bodies (Nuclei) or found where
CNS
94
Bundles of soma or cell bodies in the CNS
Nuclei
95
Somas located in the PNS
Ganglia
96
The 3 subdivision of the brain
1. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
3. Forebrain
(Prosencephalon)
97
The entire CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) floats in what
CSF
98
Simple spinal reflexes are governed by what part of CNS
Spinal Cord
99
Primitive processes like walking, urination, and sex organ function is govern by what part of CNS
Spinal Cord
100
3 Parts of the hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
101
Located below the pons
Medulla
102
Part of the hindbrain that regulates vital autonomic functions such as BP and digestion and vomiting
Medulla
103
Part of the hindbrain that contain respiratory rhythmicity centers
Medulla
104
Part of Hindbrain located below Midbrain
Pons
105
Located above the medulla
Pons
106
Connection between brain stem and cerebellum
Pons
107
Plays role in balance and antigravity posture
| Controls some autonomic functions/Coordinates movements
Pons
108
Part of Hindbrain located behind pons
Cerebellum
109
Poor hand eye coordination and balance could be because of damage to what part of the brain
Cerebellum
110
2 Parts of the hindbrain that receive information from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear
Pons and cerebellum
111
Pons and cerebellum receive info from what part of the inner ear
Vestibular apparatus
112
What part of inner ear monitors acceleration and position relative to gravity
Vestibular apparatus
113
Relay for visual and auditory information
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
114
Contains much of the reticular activating system (RAS) (responsible for arousal and wakefulness)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
115
Part of the midbrain responsible for arousal and wakefulness
RAS (Reticular Activating System)
116
Medulla pons and midbrain consitute
Brainstem
117
The brainstem is made of what 3 parts
Medulla Pons and midbrain
118
Two Parts of the forebrain
Diencephalon and Telencephalon
119
Diencephalon and Telencephalon make up what part of the brain
Forebrain
120
Two parts of the diencephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
121
Contains relay and processing centers for sensory information
Part of the diencephalon
Thalamus
122
Contains centers for controlling emotions and autonomic functions
Part of the diencephalon
Hypothalamus
123
Part of the diencephalon that has a major role in hormone production and release
Hypothalamus
124
Part of the diencephalon that is the primary link between nervous and endocrine systems
Hypothalamus
125
Controls pituitary gland is is fundamental control center for the endocrine system
Hypothalamus
126
Dominant side of brain in most people
Left side
127
Left side of brain mainly responsible for
Speech
128
Right side of brain mostly concerned with
Visual spatial reasoning and music
129
Thick bundle of axons that connect cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
130
Largest region of the human brain
Cerebrum
131
2 Parts of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex (outter gray matter) and inner core of white matter that connects cortex to diencephalon
132
Telencephalon has how many cerebral hemispheres
2
133
Outer layer of cerebrum made of gray matter
cerebral cortex
134
White matter is compounds of what type of axons
Myelinated
135
Part of the telencephalon responsible for conscious thought and intellectual functions
Cerebrum
136
Cerebral cortex divided into how many pairs of lobes
4
137
Part of cerebral cortex That initiates all voluntary movement
Frontal Lobe
138
Part of cerebral cortex that is involved in complex reasoning skills and problem solving
Frontal Lobe
139
Part of cerebral cortex involved in general sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, taste)
Parietal Lobe
140
Part of cerebral cortex that processes auditory and olfactory sensation
Temporal Lobe
141
Part of cerebral cortex involved in short-term memory and language comprehension
Temporal Lobe
142
Part of cerebral cortex involved in emotion
Temporal Lobe
143
Part of cerebral cortex the processes visual sensation
Occipital Lobe
144
Part of the Cerebral cortex that governs language comprehension
Wernickes area
145
Part of the Cerebral cortex that governs speech production
Broca's Area
146
Basal Nuclei or Basal Ganglia composed of what type of matter
Gray
147
2 parts of the brain that work together to process and coordinate movement initiated by the primary motor cortex
1. Basal nuclei (Basal Ganglia)-Inhibitory
| 2. Cerebellum-Excitatory
148
Basal Nuclei Excitatory or inhibitory
Inhibitory
149
Cerebellum Inhibitory or excitatory
Excitatory
150
Located between cerebrum and diencephalon
Limbic System
151
Limbic System is located where
Located between cerebrum and diencephalon
152
Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hippocampus make up what
Limbic System
153
Limbic System made of of what 3 parts
Amygdala, Cingulate Gyrus, and Hippocampus
154
Part of brain important for emotion and memory
Limbic system
155
Controls reflex reactions like coughing or sneezing
Medulla
156
Relays information to cerebellum and thalamus
Pons and Medulla
157
Integrates visual and auditory info
Midbrain
158
Visual and auditory reflexes located where in the brain
Midbrain
159
Relay center for somatic (consious) sensation
Thalamus
160
Relays info between spinal cord and cerebral cortex
Thalamus
161
Part of brain that controls homeostatic functions
Hypothalamus
162
Part of brain that regulates temperature, fluid blanace and appetite
Hypothalamus
163
Part of brain that controls homeostatic function thru both neural and hormonal regulation
Hypothalamus
164
Controls general patter of rhythm movement
Basal Nuclei
165
Regulates body movement and muscle tone
Basal Nuclei
166
Subconscious adjustments of conscious movements
Basal Nuclei
167
Part of brain controlling emotional states
Limbic System
168
Helps with memory storage and retrieval
Limbic System
169
All neurons entering and exiting CNS carried by how many cranial nerves
12
170
How many spinal nerves?
31
171
Convey sensory and motor information to and from the brainstem
Cranial Nerves
172
Conveys sensory and motor info to and from spinal cord
Spinal nerves (31)
173
Vagus nerve on heart
Decreases HR
174
Vagus nerve on GI tract
Increases GI activity
175
Vagus nerve is part of what part of the autonomic nervous system of PNS
Parasympathetic
176
All somatic motor neurons innervate what type of cells
Skeletal Muscle
177
All somatic motor neurons use what neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
178
All somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies in one of what two parts
1. Brain Stem
or
2. Ventral (Front) of Spinal Cord
179
All somatic sensory neurons have long dendrite extending from ____ to ____
Sensory receptor, Soma
180
All somatic Sensory neurons are located just outside CNS in
Dorsal root Ganglion
181
A bunch of somatic and autonomic sensory neuron cell bodies located in spinal cord dorm (back)
Dorsal root ganglion
182
T/F: Dorsal root ganglia are within vertebral column but outside meninges
True
183
Efferents of Autonomic nervous system consists of what 2 types of neurons
Preganglionic and Postganglionic
184
neuron that has its cell body in the brainstem or spinal cords
Preganglionic Neuron
185
Preganglionic neuron sends axon to
Autonomic Ganglion
| outside of spinal column
186
Autonomic Glangions synapse with
Postganglionic neuron
187
Postganglionic Neurons sends axons to
effector
| smooth muscle or gland
188
All autonomic preganglionic neurons release strictly what neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
189
All parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release strictly what neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
190
Acetycholine is the neurotransmitter that these 2 neurons can only release
1. Autonomic PRE-ganglionic neurons
| 2. Parasympathetic POST-ganglionic
191
Sympathetic Postganglionic neurons release strictly
Norepinephrine
192
Parasympathic postganglionic neurons release_____ while Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release _______
Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine
193
Autonomic Ganglia are located
Outside the spinal Cord
194
All sympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in
thoracic or lumbar regions of spinal cord
195
All parasympathetic preganglionic efferent neurons have their cell bodies in
Brainstem or sacral portion of spinal cord
196
The cortex of the adrenal glands secrete
glucocoriticoids (cortisol), mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) and some sex hormones
197
Mineralcorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
198
Glucocorticoid secreted by adrenal cortex
Cortisol
199
The adrenal medulla is part of what part of ANS
Sympathetic
200
Adrenal medulla secretes
Epinephrine or Adrenaline
201
Sensation is the act of
Receiving information
202
Perception is the act of
organizing, assimilating, and interpreting the sensory input into useful and meaningful info
203
Sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the outside world are called
Exteroceptors
204
Sensory receptors that respond to internal stimuli are called
Interoceptors
205
What are the 5 types of sensory receptors
Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors, Thermoreceptors, Electromagnetic receptors
206
Mechanoreceptors respond to
mechanical disturbances
207
Pacinian Corpuscles are
A mechanoreceptor
Pressure sensor located deep in skin
208
Auditory Hair cell
A mechanoreceptor found in cochlea of inner ear that detects vibrations caused by waves
209
Vestibular Hair Cell
Mechanoreceptor located in the semicircular canals in inner ear to detect acceleration and position relative to gravity
210
Chemoreceptors are
Sensory receptors that respond to chemicals
211
Olfactory and Gustatory receptors and receptors that respond to pH PCO2 and PO2 levels are
Chemoreceptors
212
Nociceptors are
Pain receptors
213
Thermoreceptors are
Sensory receptors that are stimulated by changes in temperature
cold sensitive, warm sensitive and thermal nociceptors
214
Electromagnetic receptors are stimulated by
Electromagnetic waves
215
The only examples of electromagnetic receptors in humans are
Rods/Cones in retina of eye (photoreceptors)
216
4 Properties that need to be communicated to CNS regarding sensory stimuli
Stimulus Modality (type of receptor firing)
Stimulus Intensity (frequency of AP)
Stimulus Location
Stimulus Duration
217
Tonic Receptors fire action potentials
As long as stimulus continues
218
Phasic Receptors fire action potentials
Only when stimulus begins and do not communicate stimulus duration
219
Decrease in firing frequent when the stimulus intensity remains constant
Adaptation
220
The nervous system is trained to respond to changing stimuli or constant stimuli
Changing Stimuli because of adaptation.
221
What is the only receptors that don't EVER undergo adaptation
Nociceptors
222
Proprioceptions referes to
Awareness of Self
223
Proprioception is known as your
Kinesthetic sense, or awareness of body position
224
“What portion of the CNS would you expect to require input from proprioceptors?”
The cerebellum (responsible for motor coordination)
225
Monitors tension in the tendons
Golgi tendon organs
226
Detect pressure tension and movement in the joints
Joint Capsule receptors
227
Taste and smell rely on what type of receptors
chemoreceptors
228
5 Flavors distinguishable by taste receptors
```
Sweet
Salty
Bitter
Sour
Umami (AA and nucleotides)
```
229
Taste buds are composed of specialized
Epithelial cells
Snapped like onions
Center is a taste pore with a taste hair
230
Info about taste is transmitted by cranial nerves to
Temporal lobe
231
Olfaction is accomplished by olfactory receptors in the roof of where
Nasopharynx (nasal Cavity)
232
Olfactory nerves project to
Olfactory bulbs in the temporal lobe
| close to limbic system
(May be reason why smell tied to memory and emotion)
233
Chemical signals that cause a social response in members of the same species
Pheromones
234
2 Parts of the outer ear
1. Auricle/Pinna
| 2. External Auditory Canal
235
What divides the outer ear and the inner ear
Tympanic membrane
236
The middle ear consists of the
Ossicles
237
What are the 3 small bones in the middle ear
Malleus (Hammer)
Incus (Anvil)
Stapes (Stirrup)
238
Membrane that divides middle and inner ear
Oval Window
239
Stapes attaches to
Oval window
240
What are the 4 structures of the inner ear
Cochlea
Semicircular Canals
Utricle
Saccule
241
Parts of the inner ear essential for balance
Semicircular canals
Utricle
Saccule
242
The Eustachian tube (auditory tube) is a passage way from ________ to _______
Back of throat to middle ear
243
What bone attaches to the oval window
Stapes
244
What bone is attached to the eardrum
Malleus
245
Vibration of the oval window by stapes bone creates pressure waves in
The perilymph and endolymph
| cochlea fluids
246
Sound wave vibration mediums in order
Air, Bone, Liquid
247
Pressure waves in the endolymph (part of the cochlea fluids) cause vibration of
The basilar membrane
248
Thin membrane extending throughout the coiled length of the cochlea
Basilar membrane
249
Basilar membrane is covered with auditory receptors cells known as
Hair cells
250
Hair cells (auditory receptors) in basement membrane have cilia and in direct contact with
Tectorial membrane
251
when basilar membrane moves, Hair dragged and bend. The displacement opens what
Ion channels in the hair cells open and neurotransmitter release
252
Organ of Cori in the cochlea is composed of
Basilar Membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane
253
Describe the sound wave traveling through the ear to perception by the brain
auricle → external auditory canal → tympanic membrane → malleus → incus → stapes → oval window → perilymph → endolymph → basilar membrane → auditory hair cells → tectorial membrane → neurotransmitters stimulate bipolar auditory neurons → brain → perception
254
Pitch of sound in the ear is distinguished by
Which REGIONS of the basilar membranes vibrate
| Which stimulate different auditory neurons
255
Low frequency wavelength stimulate hair cells at what part of the cochlear duct
Apex (where basilar membrane is thin and floppy)
256
High frequency wavelength stimulate hair cells at what part of the cochlear duct
Base (Where basilar membrane is thick and sturdy)
257
Loudness of sound in the ear is distinguished by
Vibration AMPLITUDE
Larger vibrations=More frequent action potentials
258
Sound stimuli are processed in the
Auditory cortex in the temporal lobe
259
If a sensory neuron leading from the ear to the brain fires an action potential more rapidly, how will the brain perceive this change
More rapid firing of a cochlear neuron indicates an increase in VOLUME of sound. If the pitch changed, a different set of neurons would fire action potentials.
260
In some cases of deafness, sound can still be detected by conduction of vibration through the skull to the cochlea. If the auditory nerve is severed, can sound still be detected by conductance through bone?
Conductance through bone allows some hearing by causing the cochlea to vibrate, which stimulates action potentials that pass through the auditory nerve to the brain. However, if the auditory nerve is severed, no hearing of any kind is possible.
261
“ If the bones of the middle ear are unable to move, would this impair the detection of sound by conductance through bone?”
The bones of the middle ear serve to conduct vibration from the outer ear to the liquid within the cochlea but are not involved directly in detecting sound. Bone conductance can still stimulate the cochlea and result in hearing if the middle ear is nonfunctional.
262
The vestibular complex is made up of what 4 components
1. Three Semicircular Canals
2. Utricle
3. Saccule
4. Ampullae
- All are tubes filled with endolymph
- Contain Hair Cells
- Function is to detect rotational acceleration of the head
263
The function of the vestibular complex is
To detect rotational acceleration of the head
264
Light is bent or refracted as it passes through the
Cornea
265
Refractive index of cornea is higher than that of
Air
266
Beneath the sclera of the eye is the
choroid
267
Function of the choroid in the eyes is to
absorb excess light within the eye
| -Contains darkly pigmented cells
268
Just inside the cornea is the
Anterior chamber filled with aqueous humor
269
Anterior chamber behind the cornea and posterior chamber behind the iris contains
Aqueous Humor
270
Role of the lens of the eye
Fine tune angle of incoming light
271
Curvature of the lens and thus its refractive power is varied by
The ciliary muscle
272
The vitreous chamber contains what
Vitreous humor
273
The retina contains
Electromagnetic receptor cells (photoreceptors) knowns as rods and cones
274
Rods and cones synapse with
Bipolar cells which synapse with ganglion cells (The axons are the optic nerve)
275
Optic nerve travels to
Occipital lobe in the brain
276
Point on the retina where many axons from ganglion cells converge to form the optic nerve is the
optic disk
277
The optic disc is also know as the
blind spot (contains no photoreceptors)
278
The macula contains what in the center
Fovea Centralis
279
The fovea centralism contains only
Rods
| -Responsible for extreme visual acuity
280
Rods and cones contains special pigment proteins called
Opsin
| -change tertiary structure upon absorbing light
281
Opsin protein in the rods and cones is bound to and contains one molecule of
retinal (derived from vitamin A)
282
Upon absorbing light photon, retinol is converted to
All-Trans form (Closes sodium channels and cell hyper-polarizes)
-In dark rods and cones have trans and one cis bond witch keep sodium channels open and depolarized
283
In the dark, both cones and rods photoreceptors release the neurotransmitter ________ onto the bipolar cells, inhibiting firing
Glutamate
284
Night vision is accomplished by which photoreceptor
Concentrated Where?
Rods, Periphery of retina
285
Which photoreceptor is responsible for color vision and high acuity vision
Concentrated where?
Cones, Fovea
3 C's
Cones-Color-aCuity
