Ch. 2 - the Nervous System’s Functional Anatomy

Question 1

agenesis

Answer 1

the failure of brain regions to develop

Question 2

ataxia

Answer 2

a failure of muscular coordination

and balance

Question 3

olfaction

Answer 3

sense of smell

Question 4

gustation

Answer 4

sense of taste

Question 5

somatosensation

Answer 5

sense of touch, temperature, pressure, pain

Question 6

adaptations

Answer 6

Evolved anatomical/functional features that solved long-standing
historical problems.

Question 7

neuroplasticity

Answer 7

the nervous system’s fundamental potential to physically or chemically modify itself in
response to a changing environment and to compensate for age-related
changes and injury

Question 8

phenotypic plasticity

Answer 8

An individual’s capacity to develop into a range of phenotypes (the characteristics we can see or measure)

Question 9

autonomic nervous system

Answer 9

Part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal organs and
glands.

produces the rest-anddigest response through the parasympathetic (calming) nerves and its opposite, the fight-or-flight response, or vigorous activity through the sympathetic (arousing) nerves.

Question 10

somatic nervous system (SNS)

Answer 10

Part of the PNS that includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the
muscles, joints, and skin, which produce movement, transmit incoming
sensory input, and inform the CNS about the position and movement of
body parts.

Question 11

enteric nervous system (ENS)

Answer 11

Mesh of neurons embedded in the lining of the gut, running from the
esophagus through the colon; controls the gut.
The ENS can communicate with the CNS via the ANS but mostly operates
autonomously.

Question 12

afferent

Answer 12

Conducting toward a CNS structure.

Question 13

efferent

Answer 13

Conducting away from a CNS structure.

Question 14

Brain–body orientation

Answer 14

illustrates brain structure location from the

frame of reference of the human face.

Question 15

Spatial orientation

Answer 15

illustrates brain structure location in relation to other

body parts and body orientation.

Question 16

Anatomical orientation

Answer 16

illustrates the direction of a cut, or section,
through the human brain (part A) from the perspective of a viewer (part
B)

Question 17

meninges

Answer 17

Three layers of protective tissue— dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater—
that encase the brain and spinal cord

Question 18

dura mater

Answer 18

(from Latin, meaning “hard mother”) is a tough durable layer of fibrous tissue that is attached to the skull and encloses the brain and spinal cord in a kind of loose sac.

Question 19

arachnoid layer

Answer 19

(from Greek, meaning “like a spider’s web”), an ultrathin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brain’s contours. middle layer of the meniges

Question 20

pia mater

Answer 20

(from Latin, meaning “soft mother”), is a moderately tough membrane of connective
tissue that clings to the brain’s surface, the inner layer of the meninges

Question 21

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Clear solution of sodium, chloride, and other ions that is produced in the
ventricles inside the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord
until it is absorbed beneath the arachnoid layer in the subarachnoid space.

Question 21

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Answer 21

Clear solution of sodium, chloride, and other ions that is produced in the
ventricles inside the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord
until it is absorbed beneath the arachnoid layer in the subarachnoid space.

Question 22

cerebral cortex

Answer 22

brain surface; Heavily folded and layered tissue that is the outer structure of the
forebrain; composed of neocortex and allocortex

Question 23

gyri

Answer 23

brain bumps

Question 24

sulci

Answer 24

brain cracks

Question 25

frontal lobe

Answer 25

Part of the cerebral cortex, which performs the brain’s executive functions, such as decision making, and voluntary movement; lies anterior to the central sulcus and beneath the frontal bone of the skull.

Question 26

parietal lobe

Answer 26

Part of the cerebral cortex that directs movements toward a goal or to perform a task, such as grasping an object; lies posterior to the central sulcus and beneath the parietal bone at the top of the skull.

Question 27

temporal lobe

Answer 27

Part of the cerebral cortex that includes hearing, language, musical abilities, facial recognition, and emotional processing; lies below the lateral fissure, beneath the temporal bone at the side of the skull.

Question 28

occipital lobe

Answer 28

Part of the cerebral cortex where visual scene processing begins; the most posterior part of the neocortex, it lies beneath the occipital bone.

Question 29

brainstem

Answer 29

the area responsible for critical functions of life, including heart rate, breathing, sleeping, and eating

Question 30

stroke

Answer 30

Sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely reduced blood flow

Question 31

gray matter

Answer 31

Areas of the nervous system composed predominantly of neuronal cell bodies that collect and modify information and capillary blood vessels that support this activity.

Question 32

white matter

Answer 32

Areas of the nervous system with fat-rich, myelin-sheathed neuronal axons that form the connections between neurons.

Question 33

lateral ventricles

Answer 33

two wing-shaped cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 34

cerebral aqueduct

Answer 34

a canal that runs down the length of the spinal cord

Question 35

corpus callosum

Answer 35

Band of white matter containing about 200 million nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres to provide a route for direct communication between them.

Question 36

nuclei (sing. nucleus)

Answer 36

A group of neurons forming a cluster that can be identified using special stains.

Question 37

nerve

Answer 37

Large collection of axons coursing together outside the CNS.

Question 38

tract

Answer 38

Large collection of axons coursing together in the CNS.

Question 39

Ganglion

Answer 39

cluster of neurons