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Health Psychology > Ch. 2 The systems of the body > Flashcards

Ch. 2 The systems of the body Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system

A

complex network of interconnected nerve fibers that functions to regulate many important bodily functions, including the response to and recovery from stress

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2
Q

Nervous system made up of

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

plays an important role in response to stress. Flight or flight

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4
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

controls the activities of organs during non stressful circumstances. restores equilibrium

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5
Q

Hindbrain

A

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

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6
Q

Medulla

A

receives sensory information from heart

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7
Q

Pons

A

links hindbrain and midbrain, important for breathing

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary muscle movement

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9
Q

Midbrain

A

major pathway for sensory and motor impulses moving between forebrain and hindbrain

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10
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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11
Q

Telecephalon

A

Two hemispheres of cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Thalamus

A

recognition and relay of sensory stimuli

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13
Q

hypothalamus

A

biological drives

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14
Q

Left hemisphere

A

language, analytical

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15
Q

right hemisphere

A

creative, big picture, music

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16
Q

Frontal lobe

A

critical thinking, higher cognitive functioning, personality, production of language, motor cortex

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17
Q

cerebral cortex

A

largest portion of the brain involved in memory, personality and intelligence

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18
Q

temporal lobe

A

auditory functions, emotion, vestibular system, memory, language comprehension

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19
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensory cortex, spatial awareness, attention

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20
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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21
Q

Limbic system

A

amygdala, hypocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum

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22
Q

amygdala

A

detection of threat and fear, emotion

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23
Q

hippocampus

A

emotional memories

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24
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

big role in processing pain (chronic pain)s

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25
Q

septum

A

emotional functioning

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26
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that regulate nervous system functioning (firing and conformational changes of neurons - placitisty)

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27
Q

synaptic transmission

A

presynaptic neuron, once activated, releases neurotranmitter into synaptic cleft. Postsynaptic neuron has receptors for specific neurotranmsitters to activate the neuron

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28
Q

Catecholamines

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine that promotes sympathetic NS activity release during stressful times

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29
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder from recurrent seizures (uncontrollable electric activity)

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30
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

progressive neurodegeneration that affects motor and cognitive functioning

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31
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

transmission of impulses, slows down neuron impulse, leads to weakness or paralysis

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32
Q

cerebral palsy

A

weakness or paralysis of parts of the body from hypotix injury from lack of oxygen when born and brain becomes damaged

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33
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

common causes of dementia, overtime will kill

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34
Q

huntington’s disease

A

caused by genetic mutation or disorder that happens because of dominant gene, kill overtime

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35
Q

spinal cord injurities

A

inhibits spinal cord sending commands

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36
Q

paraplegia

A

paralysis of legs

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37
Q

quadriplegic

A

paralysis of four limbs, higher spinal cord injury

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38
Q

how does the endocrine system operate

A

complements the nervous system in controlling bodily activities. In charge of sending comands to glands and releasing hormones

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39
Q

hormones:

A

travel through bloodstream and are slower acting, long lasting impact on behaviour

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40
Q

neurotransmitters

A

immediately and actions are regulated

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41
Q

adrenal glands

A

small glands at the top of each kidney. Each gland is composed of adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex. Produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

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42
Q

Disorders of the endocrine system

A

pancreas and diabetes

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43
Q

pancreas

A

makes insulin

44
Q

diabetes

A

body cannot manufacture or properly use insulin. Type 1 and Type 2

45
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependent diabetes (early in life; genetics)

46
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insufficient insulin or sensitivity (happens overtime from diet or lack of exercise)

47
Q

what is the cardiovascular system

A

comprised of heart, blood vessels and blood and is the transport system of the body

48
Q

cardiovascular system process

A

arteries carry blood from the heart after the oxygen and nutrients have been absorbed

49
Q

the heart

A

a pump, left side takes in blood with oxygen from the lungs and then oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for wast material

50
Q

Disorders of the cardiovascular system

A

Atherosclerosis

51
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

caused by deposits of cholesterol and other substances on the arterial walls that form plaques and narrow the arteries. MAkes arteries harden up and blood vessels less flexible. A life style disease

52
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain

53
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

54
Q

blood pressure

A

pressure on arterial walls is high when heart contracts and pushes blood out. Most pressure is on anterior walls, can affect arteries

55
Q

diastolic

A

pressure lower when heart rests

56
Q

blood

A

adult body contains 5 litres of bloodp

57
Q

plasma

A

fluid portion of blood and makes up about 55% of the volume (ions, sodium, chloride)

58
Q

red and white blood cells

A

remaining 45% of blood

59
Q

red blood cells

A

carry oxygen and nutrients

60
Q

white blood cells

A

used in immune functions

61
Q

placelets

A

clotting blood and forming scabsl

62
Q

blood cells are manufactured

A

in bone marrow

63
Q

Disorders related to white cell production

A

leukemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis

64
Q

leukeima

A

disease of bone marrow - common form of cancer

65
Q

leukopenia

A

deficency of white blood cells

66
Q

leukocytosis

A

excessive white blood cells (overproduction, dysfunction)

67
Q

disorders related to red cell production

A

anmeia, sickle cell anemia

68
Q

anemia

A

insufficient red blood cells or hemoglobin impair transport of oxygen to cells

69
Q

sickle-cell anemia

A

genetically transmitted, inability to produce sufficient red blood cells and is found primarily in african, middle eastern, caribbean and south and central americans. Cannot cary oxygen

70
Q

disorders related to clotting

A

platelets

71
Q

platelets serious consequences

A

fetal if happens in the lungs, deep vein thrombosis, emolism and hemophillia

72
Q

hemophilia

A

lack of platelets where individuals can bleed to death from injury

73
Q

embolism

A

when clot detaches and moves somewhere else

74
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

happens in the calf if on birth control pills, increases patelet count (treated with blood thinners)

75
Q

Immune system

A

Detects anything foreign to the body and attacks it, surveillance system.

76
Q

four means of infections

A

direct transmission, indirect transmission, biological transmission, mechanical transmission

77
Q

direct transmission

A

direct contact with what is going to affect us (kissing someone with cold sore)

78
Q

indirect transmission

A

anything that is not direct (eg. licking a toilet seat that has been exposed to a virus)

79
Q

biological transmission

A

parasite in mosquito, which bites you and makes you infected

80
Q

mechanical transmission

A

flies going on many things then land on you, transfered from what they stepped on before

81
Q

course of infection

A

incubation period, period of nonspecified symptoms (feeling awful), acute phase (disease at its height),

82
Q

immunity

A

bodies resistance to injury from invading organisms , develops naturally (exposure) or artifically through vaccines. occurs through either nonspecific immune mechanisms or specific immune mechanisms

83
Q

nonspecific immune mechanisms

A

fights any infection

84
Q

specific immune mechanisms

A

fights particular microorganisms such as vaccines

85
Q

phagocytosis

A

when certain white blood cells ingest microbes

86
Q

humoral immunity

A

mediated by B lymphocytes, best against bacteria and viral infection. Lives outside the cells and tend to have more of a memory and releases antibodies

87
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

involving t lympocytes. Best against fungi, parasites, foregin tissue and cancer. Attacks cells that are infected

88
Q

Immune system barriers

A

physical barriers (skin, mucous, saliva, stomach acid etc), bloodborne barriers (phagocytes and complement cascade)

89
Q

phagocytes

A

engulf foreign agents

90
Q

complement cascade

A

help kill bacteria in general, histamine (identifying something bad and then having a reaction eg. tears)

91
Q

Lymphatic systems role in immunity

A

drainage system of the body, drains into lympth vessels from between cells. Spleen, tonsils and thymus

92
Q

spleen

A

production of B and T cells, removes old red blood cells

93
Q

tonsils

A

filter microorganisms that get into respiratory tract

94
Q

thymus

A

helps T cells mature, produces hormone important for antibodies

95
Q

gut microbiome

A

intricate ecosystem of microorganisms that live within one’s gastrointestinal tract . Important to keeping us healthy

96
Q

Influences gut microbiome

A

diet, pharmaceuticals, geography, lifecycle stages, birthing process, infant feeding method and stress

97
Q

disorders related to the immune system

A

AIDS (deficiency syndrome), Cancer and infectious disorders

98
Q

splenomegaly

A

infection of spleen, impacts production of T and B cells

99
Q

tonsillitis

A

inflammation impedes filter function

100
Q

monoucleosis

A

enlargement in lymph systeml

101
Q

Lymphoma

A

tumor in lymphatic system (increases chances of spreading)

102
Q

Autoimmunity

A

own immune system starts to attack our body

103
Q

Two physiological systems involved in the stress response

A

symphathetic-adrenome dullary system and the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenocortical axis

104
Q

The sympathetic adrenome dullary system

A

events perceived to be stressful create sympathetic nervous system arousal. Triggres adrenal glands to release catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

105
Q

tunnel vision

A

shutting down everything that could be a distraction

106
Q

hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical activation

A

pituitary glands release hormone ACTH triggering adrenal release of glucorticoids, especially cortisol. recurring activation compromises functioning, creating allostatic load

107
Q

allostatic load

A

physiological response mediated by perceived stress, individual differences and behavioural responses. as we increase, we are not in a state of homeostasis, we are in state of maintence, as body adapts to stressors, it starts to believe that we have a new homeostasis

Health Psychology (5 decks)

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