Ch. 3 Health Behaviours

Question 1

Health promotion

Answer 1

the idea that good health or wellness is a personal and collective achievement.

Question 2

disease prevention

Answer 2

views health as simply the absence of disease. negative view of health to scare people

Question 3

health behaviours

Answer 3

are behaviours used to enhance and maintain health

Question 4

health habit

Answer 4

is a behaviour that is firmly established and usually performed without awareness

Question 5

primary prevention

Answer 5

taking measures to combat risk factors for illness before it has a chance to develop

Question 6

patterns of disease

Answer 6

fewer people die of acute infectious diseases, at he same time “preventable” disorders (cancer, substance abuse) have increased

Question 7

heart disease

Answer 7

high blood pressure, diabetes, overweight etc

Question 8

cancer

Answer 8

smoking, unhealthy diet etc

Question 9

stroke

Answer 9

high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption etc

Question 10

accidental injuries

Answer 10

not bucking up etc

Question 11

chronic lung cancer

Answer 11

smoking, environmental factors etc

Question 12

successful modification of health behaviours can

Answer 12

reduce deaths due to lifestyle related illnesses
delay time of death, increasing longevity
expand years of life free from chronic disease complications
decrease health expenditures required

Question 13

influences in the practice of health behaviours

Answer 13

socioeconomic factors, age, gender, values, personal control, social influence, personal goals, percieved symptoms, access to healthcare, place, supportive environments, cognitive factors

Question 14

barriers to modifying poor health behaviours

Answer 14

not knowing when to change health habits, instability of health habits, different health habits are controlled by different factors and may change over the history of the behaviour

Question 15

psychosocial vulnerability

Answer 15

heightened risk for engagement in smoking alcohol consumption etc.

Question 16

intervening with children and adolescents

Answer 16

socialization is important, teachable moments, and need to attend the window of vulnerability.
Adolescents health behaviours influence adult health

Question 17

inventions with at risk people

Answer 17

vulnerable are people who are at risk for a particular health problem (especially kids because accident prone)

Question 18

benefits of focusing on risk people

Answer 18

may prevent or eliminate poor health habits, an efficient and effective use of health promotion dollars, makes it easier to identify other risk factors

Question 19

problems with focusing on at risk people

Answer 19

people do not always perceive their risks correctly, testing positive for a risk factor can lead to people into needlessly hyperviligant and restrictive behaviour and people may become defensive and minimize the significance of their risk factor and avoid changing their behaviour

Question 20

ethical issues when focusing on at risk people

Answer 20

when it is appropriate to alarm at risk people? sometimes there is no successful intervention and emphasizing risks can raise complicated issues of family dynamics

Question 21

health promotion with older adults

Answer 21

healthy older adult population is essential for increasing the quality of life of the growing group of citizens, need to exercise, control alcohol consumption and take vaccines

Question 22

attitude change and health behaviour

Answer 22

important for the individual who is receiving the message but also how it is being delivered

Question 23

fear appeals

Answer 23

hurting health, will change habits to reduce fear. If too much they will backfire and trigger avoidance

Question 24

prospect theory

Answer 24

loss framed works best with high risk; gain framed works best with low risk

Question 25

social cognition models

Answer 25

suggest people are motivated to change behaviours based on their beliefs about that behaviour

Question 26

expectancy value theory

Answer 26

suggests that people will engage in behaviours they value and expect to succeed in

Question 27

self-efficacy

Answer 27

the belief in the ability to control one’s practice of behaviours

Question 28

Health belief model

Answer 28

whether a person practices a health behaviour depends on perceived health threat, percieved threat reduction and cues to action and self-efficacy.
It predicts some of the circumstances under which people’s health behaviours will change

Question 29

Protection motivation theory

Answer 29

developed to understand the cognitive processes underlying the persuasiveness of fear appeals and specifically how perceptions of threat might motivation health behaviours to protect oneself from that threat, threat appraisal and coping appraisal. Predicts people’s response to health threats that pose an immediate risk

Question 30

the theory of planned behaviour

Answer 30

suggests that a health behaviour is the direct result of a behavioural intention, attitudes towards the specific action, subjective norms regarding the action and perceived behavioural control. Long term behaviour response

Question 31

benefits of theory planned behaviour

Answer 31

links belief directly to behaviour and provides a find grained picture of people’s intentions

Question 32

implementation intentions

Answer 32

having good intentions is often not enough to ensure changes.

Question 33

some caveats

Answer 33

attitudinal approaches not very successful for explaining spontaneous or long term behavioural change, communications can provoke irrational, defence reactions, some people hold irrational belief about health

Question 34

the transtheoretical model of behavioural change

Answer 34

acknowledges that changing a bad health habit may not take place all at once by addressing the process or stage of behaviour change
pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintence. people can have different approaches to different stages

Question 35

importance of the stages of change model

Answer 35

captures the processes that people actually go though, that change may not occur the first try, why people are not successful in changing their behaviour and that there is mixed success

Question 36

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Answer 36

approaches to health habit modification change the focus to the target behaviour itself. conditions that elicit and maintain it as well as reinforce it

Question 37

observation and self monitoring

Answer 37

CBT uses this as the first steps in behaviour change. must understand the dimensions of the target behaviour before change can be initiated. Some people may be resistant to tracking their behaviour

Question 38

classical conditioning

Answer 38

unconditioned reflect paired with a new stimulus creating a conditioned reflex

Question 39

operant conditioning

Answer 39

a voluntary behaviour with consequences. used to modify health behaviours

Question 40

modelling

Answer 40

important in long term behaviour change and is a component in some self help programs

Question 41

discrimitive stimuli

Answer 41

elicting the target behaviour

Question 42

stimulus control

Answer 42

successful behaviour modification requires an understanding of the antecedents and consequences of the target behaviour. Has two approaches, rid the environment of the stimuli (stop seeing specific people) and creating new discriminative stimuli signaling behaviour change will be reindorced

Question 43

self-control

Answer 43

have to use behavioural techniques to control a specific behaviour

Question 44

self reinforcement

Answer 44

involves rewarding self for desired behaviour

Question 45

contingency contracting

Answer 45

making a contract with another person regarding what rewards or punishments will occur for particular behaviours

Question 46

covert self control

Answer 46

teaches individuals to recognize and modify their internal monologues to support behaviour change

Question 47

cognitive restructuring

Answer 47

modifying internal monologues that has been widely used in the treatment of stress disorders

Question 48

motivational interviewing

Answer 48

battle for health promotion, individual opens up and psychologist is there to motivate them

Question 49

relaxation training

Answer 49

progressive muscle relaxation, breathing techniques

Question 50

broad spectrum cognitive behaviour therapy

Answer 50

combining multiple behaviour change techniques is the most effective approach to health habit modification

Question 51

relapse

Answer 51

urges or cravings, depression, lack of social support, abstinence violation effect

Question 52

abstinence violation effect

Answer 52

when people have a relapse and feel like they violated that abstinence and that they have failed

Question 53

paradoxical effect

Answer 53

earlier attempts may prepare one for later success