Ch. 2 THE TWO REFORMATIONS

Question 1

Sir Thomas More

Answer 1

• Refused the Act of Succession (Henry VIII divorce)
• -Killed for this
• Wrote Utopia (no perfect society was achievable)
• believed that the government was corrupt
• was not against the church

Question 2

Utopia

Answer 2

A book by Sir Thomas More describing the perfect society on an imaginary island. Meant as a joke to criticize Christian Europe.
-all property is public

Question 3

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 3

Dutch Humanist and Clergyman

• Combined Humanism and Biblical Study
• Believed that all should read the Bible
• wanted everyone to read and write
• was not against the church

Question 4

In Praise of Folly

Answer 4

Written by Erasmus, the most celebrated of humanists, it criticizes the immorality and hypocrisy of the church leaders and clergy.
-surveyed the world as he saw it

Question 5

Avignon

Answer 5

The period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome
-influenced by the king

Question 6

Great Schism

Answer 6

A period of division in the Roman Catholic Church, 1378-1417, over papal succession, during which there were two, or sometimes three, claimants to the papal office

• 1 in Italy
• 1 in France
• -Popes became less powerful

Question 7

John Wycliffe

Answer 7

Early critic of the Church. He was an English Priest & theologian who translated the Vulgate Bible into English. He pushed for many reforms and was eventually declared a heretic.

• questioned the pope
• believed that all should read the scriptures

Question 8

Jan/John Hus

Answer 8

Czech Reformer who criticized the church. He was declared a heretic & excommunicated by the Church. He was then executed by the Holy Roman Empire.

• Pope is the anti-christ
• believed that ordinary people could reform the church

Question 9

Council of Pisa

Answer 9

In 1408, a council with bishops representing both popes met and elected a new pope, deposing both of the popes they represented. Neither former pope, however, would accept this new rival. Thus, the problem was not solved.

Question 10

Council of Constance

Answer 10

Resolved the Great Schism

• got rid of previous 3 popes
• Elected Martin V as pope
• —–Burned Hus for heresy

Question 11

Indulgences

Answer 11

Sold by the church to reduce the waiting time in purgatory

• could be bought for dead people
• canceled sin punishment

Question 12

Johannes Tetzel

Answer 12

“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs.”

-a Catholic preacher who was an expert in selling indulgences

Question 13

Martin Luther

Answer 13

The first MAHOR REFORMIST
-salvation alone saves 
-FAITH IS KEY
-against the wealth and corruption of the church leadership
all about GOSPEL, AND GLORY 
--excommunicated 
-founded Lutheranism

Question 14

95 Thesis

Answer 14

Pounded it onto a church door

• spoke out against indulgences and the churches obsession with wealth
• 95 criticisms of the church (mainly indulgences)
• THE START OF THE REFORMATION October 31, 1517

Question 15

Pope Leo X

Answer 15

This man began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Question 16

Frederick III

Answer 16

Martin Luthers “protector”

Question 17

Diet of Worms

Answer 17

An assembly that proclaimed Luther to be a heretic

-Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Leo X

Question 18

Charles V

Answer 18

Elected Holy Roman Emperor

• called for the diet of WORMS
• Tried to crush protestant reformation

Question 19

“Priesthood of all Believers”

Answer 19

Luther’s revolutionary idea that every believer had the ability to read and interpret theBible, that all people of faith were viewed by God as equals. This challenged the Church’s position that priests had an exclusive ability to do so.

Question 20

The Peasants Revolt

Answer 20

It was the reaction by the peasant class after the introduction of Martin Luther and his radical ideas to European society

• The G A P between rich an poor
• demanded return of rights
• higher wages

Revolts occurred in Flanders, England, France, Florence, Spain, and German cities.

Question 21

Thomas Muntzer

Answer 21

This radical early Protestant leader broke from Martin Luther and became a leader of the German Peasants’ Revolt, at the end of which he was executed
-against church and Luther

Question 22

Against the Thieving….

Answer 22

A book By Luther

• Told the German (Prussian) king to put down the peasant revolt
• 100,000 peasants killed

Question 23

Schmalkaldic League

Answer 23

The alliance of Lutheran states of the Holy Roman Empire that fought against the Catholics in the Wars of the Lutheran Reformation

Question 24

Peace of Augsburg

Answer 24

Document in which Charles V declared that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler. Settles War of the Schmalkaldic League. “His the region, his the religion.”

Question 25

"cuius region, eius religio"

Answer 25

Peace of Augsburg | -his region, his religion

Question 26

Huldrych Zwingli

Answer 26

This SWISS theologian launched his own reformation in Zurich at the same time that Martin Luther was challenging the pope's authority in Saxony -- His teachings closely matched those of Luther, except when it came to the presence of Christ in communion bread and wine - Bible was the best - salvation through faith alone

Question 27

Anabaptists

Answer 27

A radical reformers group - only adults could get baptized - separation of church and state - refused to pay taxes or serve in military

Question 28

Diet of Speyer

Answer 28

Charles V (HRE) made ANABAPTISM PUNISHABLE BY DEATH - -"A Third baptism" (drowning them) - all radical groups flee

Question 29

Menno Simmons

Answer 29

Pacifist leader of the Anabaptists who continued the movement in northwestern Europe (Netherlands), followers known as Mennonites

Question 30

John Calvin

Answer 30

This Frenchman converted to Lutheranism as a young man and was forced to flee the persecution of Protestants by the French king -- He would end up in Geneva, which he would make into the most influential Protestant center in Europe -Humanist

Question 31

Calvinism

Answer 31

Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Question 32

Institutes

Answer 32

John Calvin wrote and published the first version of this book in 1535, a defense of his theology and the most influential, comprehensive book on Protestant thought produced during the Reformation -PREDESTINATION (NO GOOD DEED REQUIRED)

Question 33

Predestination

Answer 33

A Calvinist idea that people are pre-destined to go to heaven and therefore no good deeds are required

Question 34

John Knox

Answer 34

Introduces Calvinism to Scotland -This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

Question 35

Henry VIII

Answer 35

This English monarch ruled from 1509 to 1547 and is best remembered for breaking with the Catholic Church and establishing a Church of England under his direct control in order to secure the annulment of his first marriage so that he might produce a legitimate son -"defender of the Faith" by Leo X

Question 36

"Defender of the Faith"

Answer 36

Pope Leo X title for Henry VIII after he condemned Luther.

Question 37

Catherine of Aragon

Answer 37

This Spanish-born woman, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, was the first wife of England's King Henry VIII -- When she failed to provide him with a son, Henry became convinced that their marriage was cursed and sought to have it annulled by the pope -Mart Tudor survived

Question 38

"Bloody" Mary Tudor

Answer 38

This daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon restored the Catholic faith to England when she became queen in 1553 -- She would marry the future Philip II of Spain, and she earned her infamous nickname for having around 300 Protestants executed for heresy during her reign

Question 39

Anne Boleyn

Answer 39

This was the 2nd wife of Henry VIII | -SECRET MARRIAGE LED TO BREAK UP WITH THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

Question 40

Pope Paul III

Answer 40

Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent and established the Holy congregation of the Holy Office. Immediately made his teenage grandson a cardinal. He also established an Inquisition in the papal states.

Question 41

Pope Paul IV

Answer 41

established the index of prohibited books, which was a list of books, including luther, calvin and erasmus's works, that catholics were not to read -INVENTED DA GHETTO

Question 42

Inquisition

Answer 42

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution. Had very LITTLE influence outside the Papal states however, the main evidence of this is that Venice was NOT restricted or cut off from European learning.

Question 43

Index

Answer 43

Pretty self explanatory; the Catholic church had a prohibited books list.

Question 44

Ignatius Loyola/ Jesuits

Answer 44

-took oath to pope -Catholic crusaders The members of this order established many schools and seminaries, and worked as missionaries to combat the spread of Protestantism and carry the Catholic faith to the newly discovered portions of the world

Question 45

Council of Trent

Answer 45

By Pope Paul III -To asses the Catholic church and its doctrines -reformed the Catholic Church It corrected a number of church abuses (indulgences could no longer be sold) and introduced better training for Catholic clergy, but refused to make any changes in Catholic doctrine

Question 46

Teresa of Avila

Answer 46

Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation -restored faith of the poor and sick

Question 47

Baroque

Answer 47

the artistic movement that happened during the reformation | -grand style

Question 48

Gianlorenzo Bernini

Answer 48

an Italian sculptor, painter, and architect who made the baldachin in St. Peter's, the Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, David, Apollo and Daphne, + The Rape of Proserpina, among others. Became the "successor of Michelangelo."