Ch 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, & 26 Flashcards
The body has a defense mechanism, known as the ——, to fight off invasion by foreign substances.
Immune system
Foreign substances, called — (including a specific type of antigen called —), are recognized by the cells of the immune system and eventually destroyed.
-antigens
-allergens
Where can an antigen enter the body?
-through the skin
-the gastrointestinal tract
-the respiratory tract
When an antigen enters the body, it sets off an —— in which the immune system detects the antigen and produces —.
-immune response
-antibodies
— are proteins that search for the antigen, combine with it, and help to destroy it.
Antibodies
although most allergens are harmless and common to most individuals, they can cause an abnormal response by the immune system known as an ——.
Allergic reaction
A life threatening allergic reaction is known as an —— or —.
Anaphylactic reaction or anaphylaxis
What is the antibody called that is produced specifically to anaphylaxis?
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
When the antibody immunoglobulin E is released due to anaphylaxis, this reaction can be referred to as ———.
IgE mediated anaphylactic reaction
What are the life threatening symptoms in an anaphylactic reaction?
-bronchoconstriction
-increased capillary permeability
-vasodilation
When a person is first exposed to a specific antigen, a condition known as — develops, which means that at some subsequent time, when the person is again exposed to that same antigen and IgE antibodies are present, an anaphylactic reaction can occur.
Hypersensitivity
This process of developing hypersensitivity on first exposure to an antigen is known as — and produces an IgE mediated anaphylactic reaction.
Sensitization
The primary chemical mediator released from mast cells and basophils is —.
Histamine
What does histamine cause?
-bronchoconstriction
-vasodilation
-increase in capillary permeability
When chemical mediators are released from the mast cells and basophils the first time the antigen is introduced into the body with no sensitization it is referred to as an —— or ———
-anaphalactoid reaction
-non IgE mediated reaction
what are the routes that an antigen can enter the body?
-injection (bites, stings, needles)
-ingestion (swallows the substance)
-inhalation (breathes substance in)
-contact (absorption through skin)
What is the most common medication that causes anaphylactic reactions?
Penicillin
What are some causes of anaphylactic reactions?
-Hymenoptera (insect bites)
-venom (bites, stings)
-foods
-pollen
-medications
-exercise (foods have been ingested close to time of exercise)
-weather conditions
-latex
Define malaise
Generalized feeling of weakness or discomfort
—- sound is caused by constriction and inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles.
Wheezing
What is the placement of a tube in the trachea to facilitate breathing called?
Endotracheal intubation
— are raised red blotches all over the skin
Hives
Hives are usually accompanied by ——
Severe itching
What are some early noticeable signs of anaphylaxis?
-rhinitis
-tachycardia
-itching
-hives
-edema
What is rhinitis?
Stuffy, itchy, runny nose
What symptoms do laryngeal edema cause?
-stridor
-dyspnea
-hoarseness
-tightness in the throat
What are some symptoms of increased bronchiole airway resistance?
-wheezing
-rhonchi
-cough
-dyspnea
-tightness in the center of the chest
What are some symptoms of cardiovascular collapse and poor perfusion?
-tachycardia
-hypotension
-syncope
What are some symptoms or urticaria (hives)?
-pruritus (itching)
-tingling and warmth sensation
-flushing
-redness
What are some symptoms of skin edema?
-swelling especially around the eyes, mouth, and extremities
What are some symptoms of eye conjunctivitis?
-red and itchy eyes
-increased tears
What are the three key categories of signs and symptoms that specifically indicate a severe anaphylactic reaction?
-airway and respiratory compromise (airway occlusion, wheezing or stridor)
-shock (absent or weak pulses, tachycardia)
-gastrointestinal (vomiting, diarrhea)
When the lining of the larynx swells, it swells inward, partially occluding the airway and increasing the resistance to airflow, this creates — sounds.
Stridorous
About 20% of patients experiencing an anaphylactic reaction have a — ( or late stage) reaction that occurs when initial signs and symptoms resolve, sometimes without treatment if not severe and then, approx 4-6 hours later, a second reaction occurs.
Biphasic
What is the drug of choice for the emergency treatment of a systemic allergic reaction to insect bites, stings, foods, drugs, and other antigens?
Epinepherine
Epinephrine comes in the form of an ——, which has a spring activated, concealed needle that is designed to deliver a precise dose of epi when activated
Auto injector
A — is any substance, liquid, solid, or gas that impairs health or causes death by its chemical action when it enters the body or contacts the skin
Poison
— is the study of toxins, antidotes, and the effects of toxins on the body.
Toxicology
An — is a substance that neutralizes the effects of the poison or toxic substance
Antidote
An —— is a poison that is swallowed and enters the gastrointestinal system
Ingested poison
A medication that is occasionally used in emergency medical care of ingested poisonings is ——
Activated charcoal
Patients who inhale paints and propellants are commonly referred to as:
Huffers
An —— is one that enters the body through a break in the skin, usually by the intentional injection of a drug or by the bite or sting of an animal or insect
Injected poison
An —— usually a chemical or substance from a poisonous plant that enters through the skin, generally causes a burn, lesion, or inflammation
Absorbed poison
—— is defined as the self administration of drugs in a manner that is not in accord with approved medical or social patterns
Drug abuse
A patients — from alcohol or drugs, a period of abstinence from the drug or alcohol to which the body has become accustomed, can be as serious an emergency as an overdose
Withdrawal
— typically refers to adolescents who raid their parents or friends medicine cabinets for prescription medications or who fake symptoms to obtain prescription medications
Pharming
People with alcoholism are prone to injuries and medical conditions, for example they often fall and are prone to chronic — hematomas
Subdural
An — is any natural, synthetic, or semisynthetic agent that mimics that effects of morphine
Opioid
— is a synthetic opioid pain reliever that is 50 to 100 times more powerful than morphine
Fentanyl
Acute abdominal pain, sometimes called ——, or acute abdominal distress, is a common condition that can be severe
Acute abdomen
The abdomen, or ——, is located below the diaphragm and extends to the top of the pelvis
Abdominal cavity
The abdominal cavity is lined with the —
Peritoneum
It is helpful to reference the abdomen by dividing it into quarters, or quadrants, using the navel, or —, as a central reference point
Umbilicus
— organs contain some type of substance that might leak into the abdominal cavity if the organ is perforated or injured
Hollow organs
— organs are vascular (contain many vessels and a large amount of blood), some covered in a thick fibrous capsule
Solid organs
—— are the large blood vessels found in the abdominal cavity
Vascular structures
What is the sac like, stretchable pouch located below the diaphragm that receives food from the esophagus?
Stomach
What is the first part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach?
Duodenum
What is a tube like structure beginning at the distal end of the stomach and ending at the beginning of the large intestine, absorbs nutrients from intestinal contents?
Small intestine
What is a tube like structure beginning at the distal end of the small intestine and ending at the anus?
Large intestine
What is the large, solid organ in the RUQ just beneath the diaphragm it’s a slight portion extending to the LUQ, filters nutrients from the blood?
Liver
What is the pear shaped sac that lies on the underneath the right side of the liver, holds bile?
Gallbladder
What is the elongated, oval, solid organ located in the LUQ behind and to the side of the stomach, aids in the production of blood cells as well as filtering and storage of blood?
Spleen
The — is a gland composed of many lobes and ducts located in both the RUQ and LUQ, just behind the stomach, creates insulin
Pancreas
The — are paired organs located behind the abdominal wall lining (retroperitoneal) on each side of the spine, excrete urine and regulate water
Kidneys
The —— is a saclike structure that acts as a reservoir for the urine received from the kidneys
Urinary bladder
What does abdominal pain usually result from?
-mechanical forces (stretching)
-inflammation
-ischemia
Abdominal pain can be classified as:
-visceral pain
-parietal (somatic) pain
-referred pain
— pain occurs when an abdominal organ is involved
Visceral pain
Visceral pain is caused by:
-ischemia
-inflammation
-infection
-mechanical obstruction of an organ
— pain, also called — pain, is associated with the irritation of the peritoneal lining
Parietal or somatic
— pain is visceral pain from an organ that is not felt in the organ itself but instead is felt elsewhere in the body
Referred
Irritation and inflammation of the peritoneum is called —, occurs when blood, pus, bacteria, or chemical substances leak into the peritoneal cavity
Peritonitis
— is an inflammation of the appendix that commonly causes an acute abdomen
Appendicitis
—, or inflammation of the pancreas, can cause severe pain in the middle of the upper quadrants (epigastric area) of the abdomen
Pancreatitis
—, or inflammation of the gallbladder, is commonly associated with the presence of gallstones
Cholecystitis
What are some common symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding?
-hematemesis (vomiting blood)
-hematochezia (bright red blood in stool)
-Melena (dark tarry stools)
—— are bulging, engorgement, or weakening of the blood vessels in the lining of the lower part of the esophagus
Esophageal varices
—, or inflammation of the stomach and small intestines, is commonly associated with the presence of abdominopelvic pain
Gastroenteritis
