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EMT 2 > Ch 32, 33, 34, 35, & 36 > Flashcards

Ch 32, 33, 34, 35, & 36 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system has 2 major functions, what are they?

A

Communication and control

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2
Q

Most nerve centers are in the — and —

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

-brain
-spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

-cranial nerves
-spinal nerves

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5
Q

The ——— influences the activity of skeletal muscles and movement throughout the body

A

Voluntary nervous system

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6
Q

The ———, is automatic and influences the activities of involuntary muscles and glands, also includes the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Autonomic nervous system

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7
Q

The —— gives the body its framework, supports and protects vital organs, and permits motion

A

Skeletal system

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8
Q

The bony framework of the body is held together by —

A

Ligaments

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9
Q

What are the two parts of the skull?

A

-the cranium
-the face

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10
Q

The ——, or vertebral column, is the principal support system of the body

A

Spinal column

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11
Q

The spinal column is composed of 33 irregularly shaped bones called —

A

Vertebrae

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12
Q

The — of the vertebra is the bulky portion that faces anteriorly in the spinal column

A

Body

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13
Q

The — is the posterior aspect of the vertebra

A

Spinous process

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14
Q

Between each two vertebrae is a fluid filled pad of tough elastic cartilage called a — that acts as a shock absorber

A

Disk

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15
Q

What are the first 7 of the vertebrae called?

A

Cervical

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16
Q

What were the next 12 vertebrae under the cervical region called?

A

Thoracic

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17
Q

What are the next 5 vertebrae under the thoracic region called?

A

Lumbar

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18
Q

What are the next 5 vertebrae under the lumbar region called?

A

Sacral

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19
Q

What are the 4 fused vertebrae under the sacral spine called?

A

Coccyx (tailbone)

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20
Q

Injury to the —— is the most common cause of spinal cord injury

A

Cervical spine

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21
Q

The —— is composed of nervous tissue, it exits the brain through an opening at the base under the skull. Is surrounded by a sheath of protective membranes called — and a cushioning layer of cerebrospinal fluid

A

-spinal cord
-meninges

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22
Q

The —— carry impulses down the spinal cord and out to muscles, these are tested by having a patient move

A

Motor tracts

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23
Q

The —— carry impulses from pain receptors up the spinal cord and to the brain. These are tested by applying pain to the patient

A

Pain tracts

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24
Q

To test the right pain tract in the spinal cord, you must apply pain to what side of the body?

A

Left

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25
Q

To test the left pain tract, you must apply pain to the — side of the body

A

Right

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26
Q

The ——— carry gentle touch impulses from sensory receptors up the spinal cord to the brain, these are tested by applying gentle touch to the patient

A

Light touch tracts

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27
Q

The light touch sensation is carried up the —— of the spinal cord as the side where the touch is applied

A

Same side

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28
Q

A patient can have a spinal cord injury without any spinal column damage, this is known as a spinal cord injury without radiologic abnormality or —

A

SCIWORA

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29
Q

This kind of spinal injury occurs when the weight of the body is driven against the head, caused by falls or MVA’s:

A

Compression injury

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30
Q

This kind of spinal injury occurs when there is severe forward movement of the head meets the chin, or when the torso is excessively curved forward:

A

Flexion injury

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31
Q

This kind of spinal injury occurs when there is severe backward movement of the head in which the neck is stretched, or when the torso is severely arched backwards:

A

Extension injury

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32
Q

This kind of spinal injury occurs when there is lateral movement of the head or spine beyond its normal rotation:

A

Rotation injury

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33
Q

This kind of spinal injury occurs when the body or neck is bent severely from the side:

A

Lateral bending injury

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34
Q

This kind of spinal injury occurs when the vertebrae or spinal cord are stretched and pulled apart, common in hangings:

A

Distraction injury

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35
Q

This kind of spinal injury occurs when there is injury from gunshots, stabbings, and other impaled traumas that involve the cranium or spinal column:

A

Penetration injury

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36
Q

A ——— is an injury to one or more vertebrae, that is, the portion of the spine composed of bones and ligaments

A

Spinal column injury

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37
Q

A ——— involves damage to the nervous tissue that is enclosed inside the hollow center of the bony spinal column: the spinal cord

A

Spinal cord injury

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38
Q

A ———— results when an area of the spinal cord has been completely transected either physically or physiologically

A

Complete spinal cord injury

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39
Q

—— is a temporary concussion like insult to the spinal cord that causes effects below the level of injury, can cause flaccid muscles, anesthetic effect, and paralysis

A

Spinal shock

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40
Q

In spinal shock, a male patient may have an involuntary erection of the penis called?

A

Priapism

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41
Q

—— from spinal shock, also called spinal vascular shock, results from an injury to the spinal cord that interrupts nerve impulses to the arteries

A

Neurogenic hypotension

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42
Q

An ———— occurs when the spinal cord is injured but not completely through all the three major tracts

A

Incomplete spinal cord injury

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43
Q

In ———, the medial, or middle portion of the spinal cord is injured, causing a dysfunction in the inner tracts that control upper extremity motor and sensory function, commonly seen in elderly

A

Central cord syndrome

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44
Q

——— results from injury of the sensory and motor tracts located in the anterior portion of the cord

A

Anterior cord syndrome

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45
Q

In anterior cord syndrome, the patient loses the ability to ——

A

Feel pain

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46
Q

An injury to a hemisection (the right or left half) of the spinal cord disrupts the spinal tracts on only one side of the cord. The patient experiences motor and sensory losses below the injury site, but the distinctive feature of ——— is that the effects differ on two sides of the body

A

Brown sequard syndrome

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47
Q

In ———, the patient loses motor function and light touch sensation on one side of the body while retaining pain sensation on that same side

A

Brown sequard syndrome

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48
Q

A complete spinal cord injury can result in:

A

-total paralysis
-loss of sensation below the level of injury

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49
Q

An injury to the third to fifth cervical vertebrae might injure the phrenic nerve that controls the function of the —

A

Diaphragm

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50
Q

If the patient is alert and oriented, and can obey your commands, some protocols allow you to instruct the patient to perform ——, which is for the patient himself to keep his head, neck, and spine in alignment and to restrict or prevent his movement

A

Self restriction

51
Q

To check motor function in the tipper extremities, ask the patient to do the following:

A

-flex his arms across his chest
-extend his arms to the side of his body
-spread his fingers on both hands and not to let me squeeze them together
-hold out both arms and don’t let me push your hand down

52
Q

To check motor functions in the lower extremities, ask the patient to do the following:

A

-push down against my hands with your feet
-pull up against my hands with your feet

53
Q

As you perform tests for light touch to the fingers, you would ask:

A

-can you feel me touching your finger?
-can you tell me what hand and which finger I’m touching

54
Q

The — in spinal shock is due to massive vasodilation and pooling of blood in the peripheral vessels

A

Hypotension

55
Q

— breathing is indicative of cervical spine injury

A

Diaphragmatic

56
Q

The — of the eye, or eyeball, is a sphere approx 1 inch in diameter. It is covered with a tough outer coat called the — or the white of the eye

A

-globe
-sclera

57
Q

The clear front portion of the eye, the — covers the dark center, the — and the colored portion, the —

A

-cornea
-pupil
-iris

58
Q

The — is the window through which light enters the eye, it is susceptible to injury, a scratch or small foreign object can cause extreme pain with tears

A

Cornea

59
Q

The pupil is the opening that expands or contracts to allow more or less light into the eye through the —, just behind the pupil, the — focuses light on the retina, the back of the eye

A

Lens

60
Q

The inner surface of the — and the exposed portion of the sclera are lined with a paper thin covering called the —

A

Conjunctiva

61
Q

The interior of the eye contains the —— (front chamber), which is anterior to the iris and is filled with a watery fluid called the ——

A

-anterior chamber
-aqueous humor

62
Q

Behind the lens is the large ——, which is filled with a clear jelly called the ——

A

-Vitreous body
-vitreous humor

63
Q

The bony structures of the skull that surround the eyes are called the —, or eye sockets

A

Orbits

64
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of orbital fracture?

A

-diplopia
-decrease in vision
-loss of sensation
-nasal discharge

65
Q

Injury to the globe of the eye might include a pear or irregular shaped eyeball and blood in the anterior chamber of the eye, this condition is called:

A

Hyphema

66
Q

What is photophobia?

A

Sensitivity to light

67
Q

A ——— occurs from trauma to the orbit, after facial surgery, or hemorrhage from anticoagulant, the eye usually appears to be bulging from pressure

A

Retro orbital hematoma

68
Q

Generally you should remove contact lenses when:

A

-there has been a chemical burn to the eye
-the patient is unresponsive and is wearing hard contact lenses
-if transport time will be delayed

69
Q

When the — is fractured, it is generally broken in at least two places and will be unstable. Bruising and swelling might be obvious

A

Mandible

70
Q

Fracture of the — is often accompanied by a black eye, the face can appear elongated, and the patients bite will no longer be even

A

Maxilla

71
Q

What is the pinna?

A

The visible, exposed part of the ear

72
Q

The chest cavity is also known as the ——

A

Thoracic cavity

73
Q

The thoracic cavity is bordered inferiorly by the —, which separates it from the abdominal cavity

A

Diaphragm

74
Q

The — is a hollow area in the middle of the thoracic cavity between the right and left lungs

A

Mediastinum

75
Q

What does the mediastinum house?

A

-the trachea
-the vena cava
-the aorta
-the esophagus
-the heart

76
Q

The pleura consists of the —— which is the innermost layer and is in contact with the lung and the —— which is the outermost layer and is in contact with the thoracic wall

A

-visceral pleura
-parietal pleura

77
Q

Between the pleural layers is a —— that contains serous fluid to provide lubrication

A

Pleural space or potential space

78
Q

If a puncture to the visceral pleura, the parietal pleura, or both pleuras occur,the seal is broken and air is sucked into the pleural space each time the chest walls expands. As the pleural space expands, the injured hemithorax can’t generate enough negative pressure to draw in adequate air, this is known as a —

A

Pneumothorax

79
Q

Inhalation occurs when the muscles between the ribs, the ——, pull the ribs upward to increase the size of the rib cage

A

Intercostal muscles

80
Q

An open chest wound can pull air into the thoracic cavity, sometimes with a noticeable sucking sound, this is referred to as a ———

A

Sucking chest wound

81
Q

How should you dress a sucking chest wound?

A

Cover with gloved hand then apply a nonporous dressing and tape on three sides

82
Q

A — pneumothorax is caused by air leaking into the chest cavity from a damaged lung with no opening through the outer chest wall

A

Tension

83
Q

A common life threatening closed chest injury occurs when two or more adjacent ribs are broken in two or more places, this creates a segment of the chest that is unattached to the rest of the rib cage and is known as a ——

A

Flail segment

84
Q

The flail segment may display ——, which is when the flail segment moves in a direction opposite to the movement of the rest of the chest wall

A

Paradoxical movements

85
Q

What is the best thing to do for a patient with a flail segment?

A

CPAP or PPV with BVM

86
Q

—— is bleeding and edema within the lung tissue and is often a sequence of a flail segment or other blunt force injury and can lead to death, leads to severe hypoxia

A

Pulmonary contusion

87
Q

A — pneumothorax usually occurs without external cause, usually the result of a congenitally weak area on the surface of the lung (bleb) which ruptures and allows air to enter the thoracic cavity

A

Spontaneous

88
Q

An — pneumothorax is the result of an open would to the chest by a penetrating object, air can be heard escaping through the chest wound, creating a bubbling or sucking sound

A

Open

89
Q

An open pneumothorax is referred to as what type of chest wound?

A

Sucking chest wound

90
Q

A — is when the thoracic cavity is filled with blood rather than air

A

Hemothorax

91
Q

A — is a collection of blood and air in the thoracic cavity

A

Hemopneumothorax

92
Q

A hemothorax causes bleeding in and around the lung which usually produces what symptom?

A

Pink or red frothy sputum when the patient coughs

93
Q

—— occurs when severe and sudden compression of the thorax causes a rapid increase in pressure in the chest, this causes the back flow of blood out of the right ventricle and into the veins, head, and upper chest, patient often looks like he’s been strangled

A

Traumatic asphyxia

94
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of traumatic asphyxia?

A

-bluish or purplish discoloration in face, head, neck, shoulders
-bloodshot protruding eyes
-JVD

95
Q

In a —— the heart is violently compressed between the sternum and the spinal column, an actual bruise could occur to the heart wall

A

Cardiac contusion

96
Q

What is the most likely area of the heart to be injured in a cardiac contusion?

A

Right ventricle

97
Q

What is the most common presenting rhythm in a cardiac contusion?

A

Ventricular fibrillation

98
Q

—— occurs when blunt or penetrating trauma can cause bleeding into the though fibrous sac that surrounds the heart, the pericardial sac. this causes inward pressure of the heart

A

Pericardial tamponade

99
Q

A reduction in cardiac output leads to —

A

Hypotension

100
Q

How many mL of blood is necessary to cause a pericardial tamponade?

A

50-100 mL

101
Q

Pericardial tamponade usually causes what symptoms?

A

-Jugular and peripheral vein distention
-increased venous pressure

102
Q

The breath sounds usually remain — in pericardial tamponade

A

Normal

103
Q

—— is air trapped under the skin giving it a bubbly, inflated appearance and crackling feel when palpated, is usually present in the upper chest and neck

A

Subcutaneous emphysema

104
Q

——— is an indication of possible cardiac injury or a tension pneumothorax

A

Jugular vein distension

105
Q

When the trachea moves towards the side of the uninjured lung this is known as ——

A

Tracheal deviation

106
Q

When watching the jugular veins during inhalation, if they engorge with inspiration it could be a sign of —— or ——. This engorgement is a result of an increased venous pressure and is called a ——

A

-tension pneumothorax or pericardial tamponade
-kussmaul sign

107
Q

Fractured ribs can usually cause — (a grating wound or sensation) accompanied with excruciating pain

A

Crepitus

108
Q

A drop is systolic pressure greater than 10 mmHg during inhalation is called?

A

Pulsus paradoxus

109
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood or blood stained sputum

110
Q

Sudden cardiac arrest from blunt force applied precordial area of the anterior chest (center of sternum) is a rare event. Usually occurs in young males around 13 years of age, occurs when a projectile like a baseball strikes the patient on the center of the chest, ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest, this condition is known as:

A

Commotio cordis

111
Q

The abdominal cavity is lined by a two layer, sheath like membrane called the —. The innermost lining being the —— which adheres to and supports organs and the outermost lining being the —— which adheres to the walls of the abdominal cavity

A

-peritoneum
-visceral peritoneum
-parietal peritoneum

112
Q

The potential space between the visceral and parietal peritonea is called the ——

A

Peritoneal space

113
Q

Organs like the kidneys, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, vena cava, and aorta lie partially or completely behind the peritoneum, these are said to be — and lie in the — cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

114
Q

If a hollow organ is ruptured or lacerated it can leak contents into the abdominal cavity, causing an irritation and inflammation of the peritoneal lining known as —

A

Peritonitis

115
Q

When a solid organ is ruptured or lacerated, the blood from the organ might irritate the diaphragm and cause referred pain to the shoulder, this referred pain to the shoulder is called ——

A

Kehr sign

116
Q

An —— occurs when an open wound through the abdominal wall allows abdominal contents, usually the small intestine, to protrude and be opposed

A

Abdominal evisceration

117
Q

A — fracture occurs when a spinal vertebrae fractures at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar spine, is usually common in children with a lap belt restraint

A

Chance

118
Q

Kehrs sign to the left shoulder in a child is a good indicator of a — injury

A

Spleen

119
Q

—— in the pediatric patient is most often a result from swallowing air associated with crying after a painful incident and not a collection of blood

A

Abdominal distention

120
Q

Almost all trauma effects more than one body system. A patient is considered to have —— when more than one major body system is involved

A

Multisystem trauma

121
Q

What are the two hormones released in response to shock and why are they secreted?

A

-anti diuretic hormone
-oxytocin
-to reduce urine output to conserve blood volume

122
Q

— is the trade name of the drug oxytocin

A

Pitocin

123
Q

—— is the premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, can also result from traumatic injury is accompanied with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain

A

Abuptio placentae

124
Q

The pediatric assessment triangle (PAT) is composed of three sides, what are they?

A

-appearance
-work of breathing
-circulation to skin

EMT 2 (5 decks)

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