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Med Surg 1 > Ch 22 > Flashcards

Ch 22 Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A

To supply body cells & tissues with oxygen rich blood & eliminate carbon dioxide & cellular waste

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2
Q

The primary focus remains on ___ the natural heart by ____ heart disease

A

Preserving
Preventing

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3
Q

Reverse to changes in composition of muscle tissue that can occur in again as the result of deconditioning

A

Sarcopenia

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4
Q

The cardiovascular system consist of the ___, the ____ and a ___

A

Heart
Major blood vessels that empty into or exit directly from the heart
Vast network of smaller peripheral blood vessels

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5
Q

A portion of the thoracic cavity that also contains the trachea & major blood vessels

A

Mediastinum

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6
Q

The heart lies slightly

A

To the left of the midline of the sternum in the mediastinum

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7
Q

The heart is a __ muscular pump

A

Four-chambered

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8
Q

The receiving chambers for blood

A

Right & left atria

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9
Q

The hearts major pumping chambers

A

Right & left ventricles

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10
Q

Wall that separates the right side of the heart from the left side

A

Septum

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11
Q

Receives deoxygenated blood from the venous system

A

Right atrium

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12
Q

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

A

Right ventricle

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13
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

Left atrium

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14
Q

Pumps oxygenated blood to all the cells and tissues of the body

A

Left ventricle

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15
Q

Right side of the heart facilities

A

Pulmonary circulation

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16
Q

The left side of the heart is responsible for

A

Systemic circulation

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17
Q

Middle layer (strongest layer) consists of muscle tissue and is the force behind the hearts pumping action

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

The inner layer, composed of a thin, smooth layer of endothelial cells. Folds of the endocardium from the heart valves

A

Endocardium

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19
Q

Saclike structure that surrounds and supports the heart (when healthy, protects & keeps bacteria out)

A

Pericardium

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20
Q

Separated the atria from the ventricles. They prevent blood from returning to the atria when the ventricles contract

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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21
Q

The valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

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22
Q

The valve between the left atrium & the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

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23
Q

Attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves, are cordlike, which in return attach to papillary muscles

A

Chordae tendineae

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24
Q

Two major muscular projections from the ventricles

A

Papillary muscles

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25
Q

The valve between the right ventricle & pulmonary artery

A

Pulmonic (pulmonary) valve

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26
Q

The valve between the left ventricle and aorta

A

Aortic valve

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27
Q

Contraction of the ventricles forces blood into the __ & __

A

Pulmonary artery
Aorta

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28
Q

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart

A

Arteries

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29
Q

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart

A

Veins

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30
Q

The smallest arteries

A

Arterioles

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31
Q

Smallest veins are called

A

Venules

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32
Q

Microscopic vessels that form a connecting network between Arterioles and Venules

A

Capillaries

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33
Q

Capillaries are __ cell layer thick and in direct contact with the cells of all tissues s

A

One

34
Q

Largest veins, bring in venous(deoxygenated) blood from all areas of the body into the right atrium

A

Inferior vena cava & superior vena cava

35
Q

The only artery in an adult that carries deoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary artery

36
Q

Gas exchange takes place in the

A

Alveoli

37
Q

Refers to the sequence of electrical and mechanical events in the atria & ventricles that result in a heart beat

A

Cardiac cycle

38
Q

Plays a roll in the cardiac cycle, sustains the electrical activity of the heart

A

Conduction system

39
Q

Consists of the SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches & purkinje fibers

A
40
Q

An area of nerve tissue located in the posterior wall of the right atrium

A

SA node

41
Q

SA node is called the ____ because it infuriates the electrical impulses
Normally between 60 & 100 per minute

A

Pacemaker of the heart

42
Q

Where is the conduction system located

A

Posterior wall of the right atrium

43
Q

Cardiac impulse starts in the ___

A

SA node

44
Q

Once cells in the atria are excited they __\

A

Contract in unison

45
Q

During diastole, while myocardial cells are at rest and before an impulse is generated, the cells are in a ___

A

Polarized state (polarization)

46
Q

The time during which the cells are resistant to electrical stimulation

A

Refractory period

47
Q

Pressure sensitive nerve endings in the walls of the atria and major blood vessels

A

Baroteceptors

48
Q

The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each minute

A

Cardiac output

49
Q

Normal cardiac output ranges

A

4to8L/min

50
Q

The amount of blood pumped per contraction of the heart

A

Stroke volume

51
Q

Thready pulse & decreased BP =

A

S&S of shock

52
Q

The use of accessory muscles (neck or abdominal muscles) during respiration is an indication

A

The client is having difficulty breathing

53
Q

Measures the pressure of blood in arteries

A

BP

54
Q

A cardiac monitor reveals the hearts __ but not its __\ activity

A

Electrical
Mechanical

55
Q

Observed continuously with bedside cardiac monitoring

A

The electrical activity that produces the heart rhythm

56
Q

Sends ECG information over radio waves to a monitor that is distant from the client

A

Cardiac telemetry

57
Q

The closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves, heard loudest over the apex of the heart and occurs nearly simultaneous with the palpated pulse

A

S1

58
Q

Closing over the aortic and pulmonic valves, heard loudest with the stethoscope in the aortic area(second intercostal space to the right of the sternum)

A

S2

59
Q

A sound that follows S1 & S2

A

S3 heart sound or ventricular gallop

60
Q

S3, normal in children, often is an indication of __ in an adult

A

Heart failure

61
Q

Cyanosis can be detected by carefully noting color changes in the oral mucous membranes as well as in the

A

Lips, earlobes, skin & nail beds

62
Q

Sparse hair growth on the legs & thick toe nails =

A

Poor circulation

63
Q

JVD =

A

Right heart failure

64
Q

If the left side of the heart fails to pump efficiently blood backs up into the

A

Pulmonary veins & lung tissue

65
Q

With ___, auscultation reveals a crackling sound & possibly wheezes & gurgles. Wet lung sounds are accompanied by dyspnea & an effort to sit up to breathe

A

Left sided heart failure

66
Q

When tissues and cells break down, are damaged, or die, large quantities of certain ___ are __ into three bloodstream.

A

Enzymes
Released

67
Q

Used to detect areas of myocardial damage

A

Radionuclide technetium-99m

68
Q

Used to diagnose ischemic heart disease during a stress test

A

Radionuclide thallium-201

69
Q

Medication used in prep for a cardiac MRI

A

Adenosine (Andenocard)

70
Q

A radio plaque substance that fills hollow structures to help the provider observe the heart in real time

A

Contrast medium

71
Q

Prep for a cardiac MRI includes

A

Starting IV infusions
Medication such as adenosine(adenocard)
& contrast medium

72
Q

Uses ultra sound waves to determine the functioning of the left ventricle and to detect cardiac tumors, congenital defects & changes in the tissue layers of the heart

A

Echocardiography

73
Q

The graphic recording of the electrical currents generated by the heart muscle

A

Electrocardiography

74
Q

The test preformed during electrocardiography is called an

A

ECG

75
Q

Holter monitoring, recording of an ambulatory clients cardiac rate a rhythm over 24 to 48 hrs as the client performs daily activities

A

Ambulatory ECG

76
Q

Helps detect dysrhythmias and myocardial ischemia that occur sporadically during activity or rest

A

Ambulatory ECG

77
Q

Also know as a stress test, the electrical activity of the heart is assessed with an ECG monitor while the client walks on a treadmill,pedals a stationary bike or climbs up & down stairs

A

Exercise electrocardiography

78
Q

Diagnostic test performed in an operative setting. A long flexible catheter is inserted from a peripheral blood vessel in the groin, arm or neck into one of the great vessels then into the heart

A

Cardiac catherterization

79
Q

Allergies to ask when getting cardiac catheter

A

Iodine
Shellfish
Radiographic dye
Latex

80
Q

A diagnostic procedure that involves instilling contrast medium into an artery

A

Arteriography

81
Q

Indications of arterial occlusion from blood clot

A

Absent distal peripheral pulses
Cool toes
Pale or cyanotic arms & legs
Rapid or irregular pulse rate

Med Surg 1 (19 decks)

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