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HLSC120: Human Anatomy > Ch. 22 + 23: Heart And Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Ch. 22 + 23: Heart And Blood Vessels Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Arteries

A
  • carry blood away from the heart
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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood back to the heart

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3
Q

Great vessels

A
  • arteries and veins entering and leaving the heart
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4
Q

What do heart valves do

A

Make sure that blood flow is unidirectional

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5
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary arteries
  • pulmonary veins carry blood to the left side of the heart
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6
Q

Systemic circulation

A
  • left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood through systemic arteries to the bodies cells
  • exchanges nutrients, gasses, and wastes are exchanged and carried through systemic veins
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7
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • space located slightly left of the midline, deep to the sternum
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8
Q

Where is the right boarder locatated

A

More anteriorly

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9
Q

Pericardium

A
  • tough sac
  • restricts heart movements so that it moves only slightly within the thorax
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10
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

Tough outer sac

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11
Q

Serous pericardium

A
  • composed of parietal and visceral layers
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12
Q

Pericardial cavity

A
  • thin space between layers of serous pericardium containing serous fluid
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13
Q

Function of fibrous pericardium

A
  • made up of dense irregular connective tissue
  • prevents overstretching of the heart
  • provides protection
  • anchors the heart in the mediastinum
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14
Q

Serous pericardium consists of

A
  • parietal pericardium
  • visceral pericardium
  • pericardial fluid
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15
Q

Epicardium

A
  • most superficial layer
    a visceral layer of the serous pericardium and areolar connective tissue
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16
Q

Myocardium

A
  • middle layer
  • cardiac muscle
  • thickest of the three layers
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17
Q

Endocardium

A
  • most deep layer
  • internal surface of the heart chambers
  • simple squamous epithelium and Ariel or connective tissue
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18
Q

Intercalated discs are made up of:

A

Desmosomes
Jap junctions

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19
Q

Sulci

A

Marks the boundary between two heart chambers

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20
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between superior atria and inferior ventricles

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21
Q

Anterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between the left and right ventricles

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22
Q

Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

Marks the boundary between the ventricles on the posterior side of the heart

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23
Q

Right atrium receives blood from

A
  • vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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24
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Deoxygenated blood from the heart surface

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25
Pectinate muscles
Are internal smooth ridges on the atrial wall
26
What is between the right atria and ventricle
Tricuspid valve
27
Trabeculae carnae
Raised bundles of smooth muscular ridges
28
Papillary muscle
Cone shaped muscular projections
29
Chordae tendineae
Strands of collagen fibers
30
Septomarginal trabecula
- secures papillary muscles to the interventricular septum
31
Left atrium receives blood from the
Pulmonary veins
32
What valve is between the left atria and ventricle
Bicuspid / mitral
33
Left ventricle
The thickest - pumps blood to the rest of the body
34
Conus arteries is
Smooth wall conical region
35
Atria characteristics
- thinner - generate less blood pressure to deliver blood a short distance
36
Ventricle characteristics
- three times thicker - generate more pressure
37
Fibrous skeleton functions
- prevent overstretching of the valves - secure valves if the heart wall - point of intersection for bundles of cardiac muscle fibres - provides electrical insulation between atria and ventricles
38
Four dense connective tissue rings
- pulmonary fibrous ring - aortic fibrous ring - right atrioventricular fibrous ring - left atrioventricular fibrous ring
39
Av valves
Tricuspid Bicuspid (mitral)
40
Semilunar valves
- allow ejection of blood from the ventricles - prevent the back flow of blood into the heart
41
Right marginal artery
- supplies the right boarder of the heart
42
Posterior interventricular artery
- supplies posterior surface of the left and right ventricles
43
Anterior interventricular artery
- also called; “left anterior descending artery” - supplies the anterior surface of both ventricles and most of the inter-ventricular septum
44
Circumflex artery
- supplies the left atrium and ventricle
45
Great cardiac vein
- runs alongside the anterior interventricular artery
46
Middle cardiac vein
- runs alongside the posterior interventricular artery
47
Small cardiac vein
Travels close to the right marginal artery
48
Nervous system and cardiac
- certain hormones can alter the pace of contractions, but the nervous system does not initiate contractions
49
Autorhythmicity cells
Initiates it’s own heartbeat
50
Conducting system
Specialized cells that start and propagate electrical impulses to contractile cells
51
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart to other organs
52
Capillaries
- are at a cellular level; are exchange vessels
53
Veins
Venues merge to form larger blood vessels called veins
54
Tunica interna contains
- endothelium - subendothelial layer - internal elastic lamina
55
Endothelium
- innermost lining, simple squamous epithelium
56
Subendothelial layer
- made up of areolar connective tissue - provides physical support base for the epithelial layer - collagen fibres provide tensile strength, stretching, and recoiling
57
Internal elastic lamina
- separates T. Intima from T. Media
58
Tunica Media
- muscular and connective tissue layer - relatively thick; composed of smooth muscle cells and large amounts of elastic fibres - smooth muscles: adjust the diameter of the lumen wall to regulate blood flow and blood pressure
59
Sympathetic nervous system
Innervates smooth muscles of blood vessels
60
External, elastic lamina
- separates T. Media from T. Externa
61
Tunica Externa
- forms covering and consists of elastic and collagen fibres - numerous nerves - tiny blood vessels that supply tissue of the vessel wall: called vasa vasorum or vessels to the vessels - seen on large vessels such as the aorta - T. Externa anchors the vessels to the surrounding tissue
62
Luman diameter
A: narrower V: wider
63
General wall thickness
A: thicker V: thinner
64
Cross sectional shape
A: retains circular shape V: flatten (collapse) if no blood is in veins
65
Thickest tunic
A: tunica media V: tunica Externa
66
Elastic and collagen fibres in tunics
A: more V: less
67
Valves
A: none V: present in most
68
Blood pressure
A: higher V: lower
69
Blood flow
A: away from heart V: towards heart
70
Blood oxygen levels
A: - systemic: high in oxygen - pulmonary: low in oxygen V: - systemic: low in oxygen - pulmonary: high in oxygen
71
Three types of arteries
- elastic - muscular - arterioles
72
Elastic / conducting arteries
- largest - most located near the heart - allow stretch - branch into muscular arteries
73
Examples of elastic arteries
- aorta and pulmonary trunk - brachiocephalic - subclavian - common carotid - common iliac arteries
74
Muscular / distribution arteries
- medium sized - more smooth muscles and fewer elastic fibres - well defined internal elastic lamina - no ability to recoil and help propel blood through them Contains T. Media - has vascular tone
75
Examples of muscular arteries
- brachial - anterior tibial - coronary - inferior mesenteric
76
Arterioles / resistance vessels
- smallest arteries - generally al, have less than six cell layers of smooth muscle in tunica media Sympathetic interaction to muscle fibres of tunica media causes vasoconstriction - elevates blood pressure (upstream) and decreases local blood flow (downstream)
77
Exchange vessels
Capillaries - smallest blood vessels - consist solely of tunica intima: single layer of endothelial cells and basement membrane - allow metabolic exchange between blood and tissues
78
Continuous capillaries
- the plural membranes of endothelial cells form a continuous tube, except interrupted only by intercellular clefts
79
Continuous capillaries location
- muscles - the brain
80
Fee started capillaries
- plural membranes of endothelial cells have many fenestrations
81
Fenestrated capillaries location
- small intestine - kidney
82
Sinusoids
- wider and more winding - have large fenestrations - contains incomplete or absent basement membrane - lager intercellular clefts
83
Intercellular clefts
- allow proteins and in some cases even blood cells to pass from a tissue into the bloodstream
84
Sinusoids location
- bone marrow - liver
85
Venules
- smallest veins -companion vessels with arterioles - merge to form veins
86
Smallest venules
Post capillary venules
87
Diapedesis
Leukocytes migrating from the bloodstream to intestinal fluid - occurs through walls of post a pillar venules
88
Fetal blood circulation occurs through
The placenta
89
How do fetuses obtain oxygen nutrients and eliminate Corbin dioxide and wastes
Through maternal blood
90
Ductus arteriosus postnatal structure
- ligamentum arteriosum
91
Ductus venous postnatal structure
Ligamentum venous
92
Foremen ovale postnatal structure
Fossa ovalis
93
Umbilical arteries postnatal structure
Medial umbilical ligaments
94
Umbilical vein
Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)

HLSC120: Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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