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HLSC120: Human Anatomy > Chapter 26: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 26: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the digestive system

A

Ingest, mixes, transports, and breaks down food mechanically and chemically; absorbs, digested nutrients and expels wastes

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2
Q

Purpose of food

A

Nutrients to the body —> synthesis
- enzymes
- growth
- cell division
- repair
- heat

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3
Q

GI or digestive tract consists of

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
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4
Q

Accessory digestive organs

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • gullbladder
  • pancreases
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5
Q

Ingestion

A

Eating ; food or liquid

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6
Q

Motility

A

Peristalsis and mixing
- the capability of smooth muscles to mix and move the food contents

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7
Q

Secretions

A

Acids, bile, mucus, digestive enzymes (7L/ day)

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8
Q

Digestion

A
  • mechanical and chemical
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9
Q

Absorption

A
  • nutrients, ions, and fluids
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10
Q

Elimination of wastes/ defecation

A

Removal of metabolic wastes

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11
Q

Six basic functions of the digestive system

A
  • ingestion
  • motility
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • elimination of wastes
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12
Q

Oral cavity

A
  • initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion
  • formed by lips, checks, hard palate, soft palate, and tongue
  • covered by mucous membranes
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13
Q

Vestibule

A
  • the space between the checks (lips) and the gums
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14
Q

Oral cavity proper

A
  • lies in the centre between the manifold and maxillae
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15
Q

Tongue

A
  • accessory organ composed of skeletal muscle covered with mucous membrane (stratified squamous epithelium)
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16
Q

Functions of the tongue

A
  • manipulation of the food
  • mixing with saliva
    • converting food into the bolts
  • assist in swallowing
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17
Q

Salivary glands

A
  • produce saliva (1-2.5 liters)
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18
Q

Saliva functions

A
  • listens ingested materials to become a slick bolus
  • moistens, cleansers, and lubricators the structures of the oral cavity
  • begins chemical digestion of charbohydrate with amylase
  • antibacterial action with lysozymes
  • dissolves food so taste receptors on the tongue can be stimulated
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19
Q

Paranoid glands

A

(25-30% saliva)
- parotid duct

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20
Q

Submandibular glands

A

60-70% saliva
-submandibular ducts

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21
Q

Sublingual glands

A

3-5% saliva
- lesser sublingual ducts

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22
Q

Innervation of salivary glands

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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23
Q

Salivary amylase

A
  • carbohydrates digestion enzyme in the oral cavity
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24
Q

Lingual Lipase

A
  • lipid/ fat digestion enzyme secreted by lingual glands
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25
Q

Dentin

A

70% of hydroxyapalatite

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26
Q

Enamel

A
  • calcium phosphate crystals
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27
Q

Pharynx

A

Naso
Oro
Larygo
- deglutitiom / swallowing

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28
Q

Mesenteries

A

Are folds of peritoneum that support and stabilize intraperitoid GI tract organs

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29
Q

Peritoneum

A

Fold each other and other organs of the digestive tract

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30
Q

Greater omentum

A
  • the longest peritoneal fold, extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to cover most of the digestive organs
  • fatty apron or “beer belly”
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31
Q

Lesser omentum

A
  • connects the stomach and duodenum from the liver
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32
Q

Mesentery proper

A
  • suspends most of the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall
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33
Q

Mesocolon

A
  • stretches part of the large intestine to the poster abdominal wall
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34
Q

Peritoneal ligaments

A

Are folds of the peritoneum that connects structures

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35
Q

Coronary ligament

A

Liver to diaphragm

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36
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Liver to abdominal wall

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37
Q

Lienorenal ligament

A

Spleen to kidney

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38
Q

The mucosa/ innermost lining of the GI tract is composed of

A
  • epithelium
  • laminated propria
  • muscular is mucosa
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39
Q

Epithelium

A
  • absorbs nutrients and contains enters enteroendocrine cells
40
Q

Lamina propria

A
  • areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels and contains mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
41
Q

Muscularis mucosa

A
  • smooth muscle fibers increase surface
42
Q

Submucosa

A
  • mesh work of collagenous fibres, nerves, and blood vessels
  • contains submucosal glands
  • highly vascular and contains the submucossl nerve plexus
43
Q

Submucosal nerve plexus

A

Submucosa
- a portion of the enteric nervous system (ENS)
- plexus regulates movements of mucosa and vasoconstriction of the blood vessels
- innervates secretory cells of mucosal glands

44
Q

Muscularis

A
  • consists of two types of smooth muscle: inner circular and an outer sheet of longitudinal fibres
  • contains myenteric nerve plexus
45
Q

Myenteric nerve plexus

A
  • controls GI tract motility (movements)
46
Q

Serosa

A
  • most superficial layer of the GI tract
  • a serous membrane composed or areolar connective tissue and simple sqoamous eptithium (mesothelium)
  • secrets serous fluid
  • epithelial portion is called viseral peritoneum
47
Q

Stomach

A

I shaped, the size of a sausage, lies inferior to the diaphragm in the abdomens epigastric, umbilical and left hypochondriac region

48
Q

Stomach functions

A

Digestion - mixes saliva and gastric juice to form chyme
- serves as a reservoir for food before it is released into the small intestine
- secretes gastric juice that contains HCL, pepsin, and instrinsic factors
- secretes gastrin into the blood

49
Q

The stomach connects

A

The esophagus to the duodenum

50
Q

Digestions of … begins in the stomach

A

Proteins and triglycerides

51
Q

Digestion of …. Signs in the mouth and continues in the stomach

A

Carbohydrates

52
Q

What organ converts semisolid bolus to liquid chyme

A

Stomach

53
Q

How much can the stomach accomidate

A

Up to 6.4 liters of liquid food

54
Q

Pepsin

A

Protein digesting enzyme

55
Q

Gastric lipase

A

Triglyceride digesting enzyme

56
Q

Pancreatic Lila’s

A

Fat digesting enzyme

57
Q

Four main regions of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric part
58
Q

Cardia

A

Initial part of ghenstomach

59
Q

Fundus

A

Food storage

60
Q

Body

A

Food mixing

61
Q

Pyloric part

A

Consists of three regions
- pyloric antrum
- pyloric canal
- pylorus

62
Q

Pyloric antrum

A

Connects the body of the stomach
- food mixing

63
Q

Pyloric canal

A

Lead to pylorus

64
Q

Pylorus

A

Lead to duodenum

65
Q

Rugae

A

Mucosal folds

66
Q

Gastric gland contain three types of exocrine gland cells

A
  • mucous neck cells
  • chief cells
  • parietal cells
67
Q

Surface mucous cell

A

Secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin

68
Q

Mucous neck cell

A

Secretes acidic fluid containing mucin

69
Q

Parietal cell

A

Secretes intrinsic factor and hypochloric acid

70
Q

Chief cells

A

Secretes pepsinogen and gastric lioase

71
Q

Enteroendocrine cell

A

Secretes gastrin into the blood

72
Q

What percentage of digestion is completed in the small intestine

A

99%

73
Q

Intestinal juice

A
  • clear, yellow fluid secreted in amount of 1/2 liters per day.
  • provides a vehicle for the absorption of substances from chyme
74
Q

Three regions. Of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejenum
  • ileum
75
Q

Goblet cells

A

Mucus

76
Q

Mucosa

A
  • lined with glands epithelium
  • enteroedocrine cells in the small intestinal glands and their secretions
77
Q

Intestinal glands

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn
- intestinal juice

78
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in mucosa

A
  • s cells
  • cck cells
  • k cells
79
Q

S cells

A

Hormone secretion

80
Q

Cck cells

A

Cholecystokinin

81
Q

K cells

A

Glucose dependent insulinotrphic peptide (GIP)

82
Q

Peyers patches

A
  • groups of lymphatic aggregated lymphatic follicles
  • present in ileum
83
Q

Duodenal (brunners) gland

A
  • Submucosa
  • secretes alkaline mucous
84
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A

Haustral churning: contraction and squeezing the contents into the next houstrum
Peristalsis: slower wave of contraction
Mass peristalsis: occurs between the transverse colon and stronger wave
Final stage of digestion

85
Q

Flatus

A

Methane gas’s, hydrogen, carbon dioxide (CHO)

86
Q

What is responsible for fecal odour in protein digestion

A

Bacteria
- indole, skatol, hydrogen sulphide

87
Q

Bilirubin

A

Converted into stercoblin

88
Q

Stercoblin

A
  • fecal color
  • brown
89
Q

The liver is divided into lobes by the

A

Falciform ligament

90
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Function unit of the liver
- continuously produces 800-1000 mL of bile per day

91
Q

Functions of the liver

A
  • produces and releases bile
  • detoxifies blood
  • store access nutrients absorbed by the GI tract
  • produces plasma proteins
92
Q

Gullbladder is attached to

A

The inferior surface of the liver

93
Q

Function of the gullbladder

A
  • store and concentrate bile
94
Q

The cystic duct connescts

A

The gullbladder to the common bile duct

95
Q

Three regions of the gullbladder

A
  • neck
  • fundus
  • body
96
Q

What preforms endocrine functions

A

Pancreatic islets

97
Q

What preforms exocrine functions

A

Acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices into the duodenum via the main pancreatic duct

HLSC120: Human Anatomy (16 decks)

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