Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Ch. 24 - Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Ch. 24 - Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

An informal term for single called organisms in domains bacteria and archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When was life created

A

About 3.5 bill years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When did eukaryotes appear?

A

1.8 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Four stages to produce life

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules
  2. Joining the small molecule into macromolecules
  3. Packaging these molecules into protocells
  4. The origin of self replicating molecules making inheritance possible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protocell

A

Droplets with membranes that maintain an internal chemistry different from their surrounding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the early atmosphere like?

A

Filled with nitrogen and oxides, mostly carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was the oparin-haldene hypothesis?

A

The early atmosphere was a reducing environment where organic compounds can form simpler molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What did Miller-Urey do?

A

Tested and legitimized the Oparin-Haldene hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Miller-Urey hypothesize?

A

The first organic compounds were formed near volcanoes and deep sea vents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which was the first genetic material?

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ribozyme

A

and enzyme like protein that makes copies of pieces of RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s the difference between RNA and DNA shapes

A

DNA are double helix and RNA have 3D shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

stromatolites

A

oldest fossils, layered rocks that formed from the activities of certain prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the reason cyanobacteria had a big impact on the environment?

A

they release oxygen into the earth’s atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the purpose of a cell wall?

A

maintain cell shape, protects the cell, prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bacterial cell walls are made of what?

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peptidogylcan

A

a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gram-positive

A

simple walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan, stain purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gram-negative

A

less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides, stain pink/orange/red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

G+ or G- which is most likely to be toxic?

A

gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

G+ or G- which is most likely to be antibiotic resistant?

A

gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

capsule

A

a dense and well organized sticky cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

slime layer

A

an unorganized sticky cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

endospores

A

a dehydrated copy of a chromosome that can remain viable for centuries, often created when the prokaryotes life is at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fimbriae

A

hairlike appendages used to stick to the substrate or other prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

pili

A

appendages that pull two cells together prior to DNA transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

taxi

A

a directed movement toward or away a stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

flagella

A

little tail like things that allow mobility in many cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

three parts of bacteria flagellum

A

motor, hook and filament

30
Q

exaptation

A

the process in which exxisting structures take on new functions through descent with modification

31
Q

do prokaryotes have organelles?

A

no

32
Q

how do prokaryotes perform metabolic functions?

A

specialized membranes

ex. a folded plasma membrane

33
Q

do prokaryotes have less DNA than eukaryotes?

A

ya

34
Q

to prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

no

35
Q

nucleoid

A

a region of cytoplasm that is not enclosed by a member

36
Q

plasmid

A

smaller rings of independently replicating DNA molecules

37
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain energy from lights

38
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals

39
Q

autotrophs

A

need CO2 or related compounds as a carbon source

40
Q

heterotrophs

A

require an organic nutrient, like glucose, to make other organic compound

41
Q

obligate aerobes

A

must use O2 for cellular respiration

42
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation

43
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

substances other than O2, such as nitrate and sulfate ions, accept elections at the “downhill” end of election transport chains

44
Q

facultatives anaerobes

A

use O2 if present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if needed

45
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia

46
Q

heterocysts

A

cells that carry out only nitrogen fixation

47
Q

biofilm

A

a surface-coating colony of one or more species of prokaryotes that engage in metabolic cooperation

48
Q

binary fission

A

a single prokaryotic cell divides into 2 cells

49
Q

genetic recombination

A

when genes of new prokaryote come from different places

50
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

movement of genes from one organism to another

51
Q

transformation

A

genotypic/phenotype are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from the surrounding

52
Q

transduction

A

viruses carry prokaryotic genes from one host to another

53
Q

conjugation

A

DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined

54
Q

f plasmid

A

plasmi form of the F factor

55
Q

f factor

A

the ability to form pili and donate DNA between prokaryotes

56
Q

r plasmids

A

genes from antibiotic bacteria were transferred to other bacteria

57
Q

extremophiles

A

lovers of extreme conditions, archaea

58
Q

extreme halophiles

A

live in high saline environments, need or tolerate salt

59
Q

extreme thermophiles

A

thrive in very hot environments

60
Q

methanogens

A

archaea that release methane as a by-product of obtaining energy

61
Q

decomposers

A

prokaryotes that absorb nutrients from organic material and converts them to inorganic forms

62
Q

symbiosis

A

an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact with each other

63
Q

host

A

the larger organism in symbiosis

64
Q

symbiont

A

the smaller organism

65
Q

mutualism

A

an interaction where both species benefit

66
Q

commensalism

A

where one species benefits and the other is not harmed or helped

67
Q

parasitism

A

where one species benefits and the other is harmed

68
Q

pathogen

A

a parasite that causes diseases

69
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins secreted by certain bacteria and other organisms that cause illness

70
Q

endotoxins

A

on the outer membrane of G- bacteria that are only released when the bacteria die and their cell walls break down

71
Q

bioremediation

A

the use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems

Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions