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Biology > Ch. 19 - Descent With Modification > Flashcards

Ch. 19 - Descent With Modification Flashcards

1
Q

Who started the scala naturae?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

Who created the binomial format for naming species

A

Carolus Linnaesus

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3
Q

What did Cuvier determine?

A

Fossil records, some species would appear randomly and some species would disappear completely.
Newer strata had more similar life forms than older strata.

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4
Q

What did Hutton determine?

A

Change happens through a slow and gradual process

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5
Q

What did Lyell determine?

A

Geological features that’s changed the earth in the past are still happening today.

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6
Q

Which two people strongly influenced Darwin?

A

Hutton and Lyell.

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7
Q

What was Lamarck’s hypothesis?

A

Use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics.

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8
Q

What is use and disuse?

A

Use: giraffes necks became bigger as they stretched to get to leaves.
Disuse: things that are not used deteriorate.

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9
Q

Would an animal in the Andes more closely resemble animals in the Rockies or in the South American jungle?

A

South American jungle.

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10
Q

How do new species arise?

A

From gaining adaptions to their new environments.

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11
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Individuals who have desired characteristics for the environment are more likely to live longer and reproduce.

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12
Q

Why was Darwin successful with his theory?

A

He had logic and massive amounts of evidence behind him.

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13
Q

What is descent with modification?

A

All species came from the same organism, they adapted to their environments.

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14
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Humans developing domesticated plants and animals by breeding those with desirable traits

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15
Q

What two observations did Darwin make?

A

Individuals vary in traits

All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support

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16
Q

What two inferences did Darwin make?

A

Individuals more suited for the environment tend to have more success and more offspring and the unequal ability of individuals to survive leads to favorable traits to accumulate.

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17
Q

What traits are affected by natural selection?

A

Heritable traits

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18
Q

Natural selection is a process of…

A

Editing

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19
Q

Natural selection favors…

A

Individuals with the advantage at that point in time and in that location

20
Q

What is a homology?

A

Similarity resulting from common ancestry

21
Q

What is a vestigial structure?

A

A feature in a species that is no longer important but still exists
i.e. the human appendix

22
Q

What are adaptions?

A

Inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environmenta

23
Q

Homoplasy is another word for…

A

Analogy

24
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The independent evolution if similar features in different lineages

25
Q

What is an analogous trait?

A

Similar trait due to convergent evolution, not from a similar ancestor

26
Q

What is biogeography?

A

The scientific study of the geographic distributions of species

27
Q

Darwin originally defined evolution as …

A

descent with modification

28
Q

What is the key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life?

A

Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things.

29
Q

At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth’s plants and animals held that the various species …

A

had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before

30
Q

Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of .., and he …

A

the binomial classification system … thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation

31
Q

Which of the following is a true statement about Charles Darwin?

A

He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.

32
Q

At the time Charles Darwin sailed on the HMS Beagle, …

A

several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change

33
Q

During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by …

A

the writings of Lamarck, fossils, the adaptations of organisms such as the Gálapagos finches, and the uniqueness of organisms.

34
Q

In Darwin’s view of descent with modification …

A

natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment

35
Q

What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus’s essay on human suffering?

A

Organisms have the capacity to overreproduce.

36
Q

During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment?

A

species will either adapt, possibly giving rise to new species, or go extinct.

37
Q

The smallest unit that can evolve is a …

A

population

38
Q

According to the theory of evolution, anatomical and molecular homologies should…

A

produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness

39
Q

When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killing flies and mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that…

A

many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics

40
Q

A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection?

A

Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.

41
Q

How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs?

A

Some members of the bacteria population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics.

42
Q

An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that…

A

dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor

43
Q

Animals that possess homologous structures probably…

A

evolved from the same ancestor

44
Q

All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that …

A

all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor

45
Q

Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating that …

A

losely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins

46
Q

What did Darwin observe about species on islands?

A

They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands.

47
Q

To describe evolution as a “scientific theory” means that …

A

it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence

Biology (8 decks)

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