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Intro To Biology > CH 25 SG > Flashcards

CH 25 SG Flashcards

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1
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Specifies the order of amino acids in a protein using a series of three-base codons, where different amino acids are specified by particular codons

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2
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

As a major component of ribosomes, assists in making the covalent bonds that link amino acids together to make a protein.

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3
Q

Gene expression

A

The process of using a gene sequence to synthesize a protein
turning on and off of genes (this is why there are over 200 different cell types in the human body, even though these cells have basically the same DNA)

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4
Q

gene

A

is any DNA sequence that is transcribed into RNA

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5
Q

Enzymes that repair DNA

A

DNA polymerases and DNA ligase also repair DNA damaged by harmful radiation and toxic chemicals

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6
Q

Otzi facts

A

-discovered in 1991 (northern Italy, frozen in a glacier)
-Lived 5,200 years ago (3200 BCE) Copper Age Europe
-approximately 45 yrs old and 5’3” and 110lbs
-65 tattoos
-closely related to Southern Europeans (lactose intolerant/tick born illnesses)
-probably murdered

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7
Q

What scientists whose experiments lead to the acceptance of DNA as the genetic material instead of protein?

A

•1928….Griffith experiment
•1944….Avery et al.
•1952….Hershey and Chase

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8
Q

List the persons responsible for working out the structure of DNA

A

James Watson and Francis Crick deciphered the physical structure of DNA in 1953 (help from Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin)

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9
Q

The structure of DNA

A

a double helix molecule that twists like a spiral staircase, made up of two strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds (more oxygen = deoxyribose)

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10
Q

DNA replication

A

involves unwinding a DNA double helix and using each strand as a template for a new, complementary strand (follows a semiconservative model)
-begins at multiple origins of replication
-occurs in the 5 to 3 direction

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11
Q

The structure of RNA

A

a linear polymer made up of four nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds (single strand/uses U not T/ribonucleic acid)

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12
Q

How does gene expression lead to differences in the various cell types?

A

(turning on and off genes) the specialization of cell types by selectively activating or suppressing different sets of genes

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13
Q

Flow of information in a cell

A

DNA —> RNA —> protein
Transc. Transl.
describes the sequence of how genetic information is used to produce proteins

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14
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Transports the correct amino acid to the ribosome, using the information encoded in the mRNA; contains a three-base anticodon that pairs with a complementary codon revealed in the mRNA

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15
Q

operon

A

A group of structural and regulating genes that function as a single unit

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16
Q

Frame-shift mutation

A

a type of genetic mutation where the reading frame of a gene is disrupted, causing the entire sequence of amino acids in the protein to be altered

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17
Q

cancer

A

a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells (malignant/benign)

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18
Q

GMO

A

a plant, animal or microbe in which one/more changes made to the genome, using high-tech genetic engineering, in an attempt to alter the characteristics of an organism

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19
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide (DNA)

A
  1. Nitrogenous base (ATGC)
  2. Sugar Deoxyribose
  3. Phosphate group
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20
Q

DNA replication enzymes involved

A

-DNA helicase
-DNA polymerase
-DNA ligase

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21
Q

DNA helicase

A

separates (unzips) the two DNA strands

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22
Q

DNA polymerase

A

adds nucleotides to a growing chain and proofreads and corrects improper base pairings

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23
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins small fragments into a continuous chain

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24
Q

codon

A

Each unique sequence of three bases

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25
Genetic code
There are 64 codons that make up the information Several distinct characteristics: –It is unambiguous –It is redundant –It is virtually universal
26
Gene control in eukaryotes
•Pretranscriptional control. •Transcriptional control. •Posttranscriptional control. •Translational control. •Posttranslational control.
27
Benign
Noncancerous mass of cells derived from a single mutated cell that has repeatedly undergone cell division but has remained at the site of origin
28
Metastasis
Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body; caused by the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues
29
Malignant
Term that is used to describe cancer cells meaning that it has the ability to move to other areas of the body and threaten life
30
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels to disease/mutated cells
31
Anti-parallel
describes the opposite directionality of the two strands within the double helix. One strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other runs in the 3' to 5' direction
32
Proto-oncogenes
Encode proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis (gas pedal of the cell cycle)
33
Tumor suppressor genes
Encode proteins that stop the cell cycle and promote apoptosis (acts like breaks on the cell cycle/mutation causes “breaks” to not work)
34
Apoptosis
**the death of cells** which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development
35
purines
Nucleotides with a double-ring structure; - examples are adenine and guanine
36
pyrimidines
Nucleotides with a single ring in their structure; examples are thymine, cytosine, and uracil
37
complementary base pairing
Hydrogen bonding between particular purines and pyrimidines; responsible for the structure of DNA, and some RNA, molecules
38
transcription
First stage of gene expression; process that DNA strand serves as a template for the formation of mRNA (nucleus of eukaryotic cells or cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells/DNA, RNA polymerase, and various transcription factors)
39
translation
the process that ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to produce a polypeptide with a particular sequence of amino acids (primarily occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell on ribosomes/mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes molecules are involved)
40
RNA polymerase
During transcription, an enzyme creates an mRNA transcript by joining nucleotides complementary to a DNA template
41
promoter
In an operon, a sequence of DNA where RNA polymerase binds prior to transcription
42
exon
Segment of mRNA containing the protein-coding portion of a gene that remains within the mRNA after splicing has occurred
43
intron
Intervening sequence found between exons in mRNA; removed by RNA processing before translation
44
anticodon
Three-base sequence in a transfer RNA molecule base that pairs with a complementary codon in mRNA
45
Wobble effect
some tRNAs, the third nucleotide in the mRNA codon may vary (provides additional degeneracy to the genetic code, and help protect against mutations that may alter the amino acid sequence of a protein)
46
elongation
Middle stage of translation in which additional amino acids specified by the mRNA are added to the growing polypeptide
47
initiation
First stage of translation in which the translational machinery binds an mRNA and assembles
48
termination
End of translation that occurs when a ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA that it is translating, causing release of the completed protein
49
Gene mutation
Altered gene whose sequence of bases differs from the original sequence
50
mutagen
Chemical or physical agent that increases the chance of mutation
51
transposon
DNA sequence capable of randomly moving from one site to another in the genome
52
Gene control in prokaryotes
primarily occurs at the transcriptional level through the use of operons and regulatory proteins
53
Point mutation
a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence
54
Silent mutation (point mutation)
a change in the DNA sequence that doesn't alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein
55
Nonsense mutation (point mutation)
a change in DNA that causes a protein to terminate or end its translation earlier than expected
56
missense mutation (point mutation)
a type of point mutation where a single nucleotide change in the DNA sequence results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein
57
transgenic organisms
A genetically modified organism is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
58
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
a technique to make many copies of a specific DNA region in vitro (create billions of copies of a segment of DNA in a test tube in hrs)
59
DNA fingerprinting
(DNA profiling) the process of identifying an individual's DNA characteristics
60
CRISPR/Cas9
a protein derived from bacteria's natural immune system that acts as a programmable endonuclease to edit DNA (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)
61
Gene cloning
Production of many identical copies of a single gene
62
Cloning
Production of identical, copies of an organism cell or DNA through asexual means (bacteria from the same colony/identical twins)
63
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
Contains DNA from two or more different sources To make rDNA, need a vector—piece of DNA that foreign DNA can be added to
64
Plasmids
are accessory rings of DNA in bacteria, commonly used as vectors -They are not part of the bacterial chromosome

Intro To Biology (11 decks)

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