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Intro To Biology > CH 27 SG > Flashcards

CH 27 SG Flashcards

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1
Q

fossils

A

The remains or traces of past life forms or other direct evidence of past life

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2
Q

Trace fossils

A

Footprints, worm casts, and burrows that are preserved are

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3
Q

Relative dating

A

The method of aging fossils that examines the order of fossils and strata, depending on the layer of rock in which they were discovered

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4
Q

biogeography

A

The study of the range and distribution of animals on Earth

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5
Q

Different group order appearance in history

A
  1. Fishes
  2. Amphibians
  3. Reptiles
  4. Mammals
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6
Q

Which method of fossil dating relies on radioactive isotopes?

A

absolute dating method

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7
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structures that are present in one group of organisms but reduced or without function in a related group (leftovers)

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8
Q

DNA, ATP, and enzymes are biochemicals that are common to all

A

Living organisms

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9
Q

What is the significance of gene flow?

A

It mixes genetic diversity and keeps the gene pools of populations similar

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10
Q

three main types of natural selection:

A

directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection

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11
Q

What increases homozygous traits and decreases heterozygous traits?

A

Inbreeding

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12
Q

Gradualism model

A

The idea that the pace of evolution is very slow but steady within a lineage before and after a divergence

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13
Q

phylogenetics

A

The branch of systematic biology that studies evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms

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14
Q

phylogeny

A

(family tree/hypothesis of evolution)
showing the evolutionary relatedness among taxa based on data from the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and other information

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15
Q

principle of parsimony

A

states that the pattern which requires the fewest evolutionary changes is the most likely (best hypothesis of evolutionary history)

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16
Q

Convergent evolution

A

natural selection causes distantly related organisms to evolve similar structures in response to similar environmental challenges

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17
Q

Darwin’s voyage on the Beagle HMS influenced his thinking

A

Darwin’s On the Origin of Species (1859)
-Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace both proposed a mechanism theory of evolution by natural selection

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18
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and why he was wrong

A

he believed, parent giraffes stretching their neck, made the children’s neck longer when inherited
-use and disuse of body parts
-(inheritance of acquired characteristics)

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19
Q

Thomas Malthus influence on Darwin’s development of natural selection

A

theory of population growth and resource limitation

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20
Q

Why was Darwin’s book “The Origin of Species” lead to evolution being accepted as a scientific theory?

A

It is supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including genetics, which shows that different species have similarities in their DNA (collected info over 20 yrs)

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21
Q

fossil record for evolution

A

provides a record of how creatures evolved and how this process can be represented by a ‘tree of life’, showing that all species are related to each other

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22
Q

5 requirements for evolution

A

-(pinky) small population - genetic drift
-(ring) sexual selection - Nonrandom mating
-(middle) variations - mutation
-(pointer) Gene flow
-(thumb) adaptation - natural selection

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23
Q

How has antibiotic resistance evolved?

A

Bacteria have the ability to adapt to antibiotics in their environment, leading to antibiotic-resistant strains

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24
Q

Human evolution and our relationship to other primates

A

-All primates share one common ancestor
-lemurs etc. were the first types of primates to diverge from (lineage) line of descent
-African apes (last group to diverge
from the main primate lineage)(related to humans)

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25
Characteristics of science
-deals with the natural world (detected, observed, measured) -is based on evidence (observations/experiments) -has had independent validation/peer review -is open to challenge by anyone on the basis of evidence -is a self-correcting endeavor
26
James Ussher, a seventeenth-century archbishop, claimed to know the exact date that all life was created:
October 23, 4004 BC
27
Earth age
about 4.5ish billion years old
28
Universe age
about 13-14 billion years old
29
inheritance of acquired characteristics
a theory of evolution that proposes organisms pass on physical characteristics acquired during their lifetime to their offspring (your kids are going to be buff because you got buff — false)
30
Charles Lyell influence on Darwin’s development of natural selection
uniformitarianism - the idea that Earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is the key to the past
31
Artificial selection influence on Darwin’s development of natural selection
provided key insights into the mechanisms of evolutionary change - natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow
32
evolution
Genetic change in a species over time, resulting in the development of genetic/phenotypic differs that are the basis of natural selection; descent of organisms from an ancestor
33
epigenetic inheritance
how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work and there is a chance one’s offspring can inherit that
34
adaptation
Species' modification in structure, function, or behavior that makes a species more suitable to its environment
35
transitional links
Evidence of evolution, typically fossils, that bear a resemblance to groups that in the present day are classified separately
36
continental drift
The movement of the Earth's crust by plate tectonics, resulting in the movement of continents with respect to one another
37
homologous structure
A structure that is similar in different types of organisms because these organisms descended from a common ancestor (human/dog/whale=same bone structure)
38
analogous structure
Structure that has a similar function in separate lineages but differs in anatomy and ancestry (bat/bird/butterfly=have wings)
39
artificial selection
Intentional breeding of certain traits, or combinations of traits, over others to produce a desirable outcome
40
microevolution
Change in gene frequencies between populations of a species over time
41
population genetics
The study of gene frequencies and their changes within a population
42
population
Level of biological organization that includes groups of organisms of the same species occupying a certain area
43
gene pool
Total of the alleles of all the individuals in a population
44
genetic equilibrium
Description for a population in which the frequency of alleles for a given trait is not changing over time
45
mutation
Change in the nucleotide structure of an organism's DNA (Mutation creates slightly different versions of the same genes, called alleles - hair color)
46
genetic drift
Mechanism of evolution due to random changes in the allelic frequencies of a population; more likely to occur in small populations or when only a few individuals of a large population reproduce.
47
bottleneck effect
Type of genetic drift; a majority of genotypes are prevented from participating in the production of the next generation as a result of a natural disaster or human-interference.
48
founder effect
Cause of genetic drift due to colonization by a limited number of individuals who - have different genotype and allele frequencies than the parent population
49
gene flow
Sharing of genes between two populations through interbreeding
50
nonrandom mating
Mating among individuals on the basis of their phenotypic similarities or differences, rather than mating on a random basis
51
fitness
Ability of an organism to reproduce and pass its genes to the next fertile generation; measured against the ability of other organisms to reproduce in the same environment
52
stabilizing selection
Outcome of natural selection in which extreme phenotypes are eliminated and the average phenotype is conserved
53
directional selection
Outcome of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored, usually in a changing environment
54
disruptive selection
Outcome of natural selection in which the two extreme phenotypes are favored over the average phenotype, leading to more than one distinct form
55
macroevolution
Large-scale evolutionary change, such as the formation of new species
56
Species
a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and creating fertile offspring
57
prezygotic isolating mechanism
Anatomical, physiological, or behavioral difference between two species that prevents the possibility of mating
58
postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Processes that result in the production of sterile offspring between two different species
59
speciation
Origin of new species due to the evolutionary process of descent with modification
60
allopatric speciation
Model that proposes that new species arise due to an interruption of gene flow between populations that are separated geographically
61
sympatric speciation
Origin of new species in populations that overlap geographically
62
adaptive radiation
Rapid evolution of several species from a common ancestor into new ecological or geographic zones
63
punctuated equilibrium
Model of evolutionary change in a species which suggests that there are long periods of little or no change, followed by brief periods of rapid speciation
64
systematic biology
Another name for the study of systematics, or the study of the evolutionary relationships between species
65
taxonomy
Branch of biology concerned with identifying, describing, and naming organisms
66
Natural selection
Mechanism of evolutionary change caused by environmental selection of organisms most fit to reproduce; results in adaptation to the environment
67
taxon
Group of organisms that fills a particular classification category
68
classification
Process of naming organisms and assigning them to taxonomic groups (taxa)
69
cladistics
Method of systematics that uses derived characters to determine monophyletic groups and construct cladograms
70
cladogram
a branching diagram that shows the relationship among species in regard to their shared derived characters
71
shared derived traits
Used in classification systems, such as cladistics, to determine the evolutionary relationship between two species
72
supergroup
Systematic term used to classify the major groups of eukaryotes based on DNA - similarities
73
comparative anatomy for evolution
providing evidence that supports or dismisses the relatedness of two or more organisms (body parts of one species resemble the body parts of another)(mammals and arm bones)
74
embryology for evolution
Embryos of different species can have similarities that are not visible when the organisms are fully formed
75
molecular biology for evolution
genetic code for proteins shows that all life once shared a common ancestor
76
Humans and great apes
-Spilt 6 - 8million years ago -originated from Africa (2 - 300 thousand years ago) -lived at the same time as Neanderthals/shared DNA at some point (interbreed)
77
4 requirements of evolution by natural selection
-variation in the population -variation is heritable -survival/reproduction non-random mating -fitness - better at survival/reproduction

Intro To Biology (11 decks)

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