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Anatomy II > Ch. 26 The Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch. 26 The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Three functions of the Urinary system

A

excretion, elimination, homeostatic regulation

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2
Q

Excretion

A

removal of organic wastes from body fluids

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3
Q

Elimination

A

discharge of waste products

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4
Q

Homeostatic regulation

A

of blood plasma volume and solute concetration

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5
Q

Homeostatic kidney functions

A

-maintenance of blood osmolarity
-production of hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin
-regulation of blood glucose level
-excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances (drugs or toxins)

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6
Q

This is a test to measure kidney function

A

plasma creatinine

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7
Q

Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown, indicates which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.

A

glucosuria

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8
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, and 1 urethra

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9
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower?

A

the right kidney

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10
Q

Adipose capsule

A

-surrounds the kidney
-provides protection
-keeps the kidney in its correct location against muscles of posterior trunk wall

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11
Q

Ptosis

A

kidneys drop to a lower position due to rapid fat loss, creating problems with the ureters

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12
Q

Three regions of kidneys

A

renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis

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13
Q

Filtrate

A

includes metabolic wastes, ionic salts, toxins, drugs

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14
Q

Red blood cell production

A

by producing hormone erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production in bone marrow

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15
Q

Blood pressure (vessel size)

A

by producing renin which causes vasoconstriction

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16
Q

Blood volume (water balance)

A

ADH released from anterior pituitary targets the kidney to limit water loss when blood pressure decreases or changes in blood composition

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17
Q

Blood composition (electrolyte balance)

A

water follows salt; aldosterone reclaims sodium to the blood

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18
Q

Blood pH

A

regulates H+ ions and HCO3- ions

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19
Q

Blood flow in kidneys

A

aorta –> renal artery –> segmantal artery –> lobar artery –> interlobar artery –> arcuate artery –> interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerulus –> efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillaries –> interlobular vein –> arcuate vein –> interlobar vein –> renal vein

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20
Q

Nephrons

A

the structural and functional units of the kidneys
-over 1 million
-responsible for forming urine

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21
Q

Glomerulus

A

capillary bed fed and drained by arterioles
-filter fluid from the blood into the renal tubule
-sit within a glomerular capsule

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22
Q

Types of nephrons

A

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

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23
Q

Urine formation process

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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24
Q

Filtration

A

water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced through the capillary walls and pores into the renal tubule
-occurs at the glomerulus and collected in Bowman’s capsule

25
Reabsorption
water, glucose, amino acids, and needed ions are transported out of the filtrate into the peritubular capillary cells and then enter the capillary blood
26
Secretion
hydrogen ions, potassium ions, creatinine, and drugs are removed from the peritubular capillaries and secreted by the peritubular capillary cells into the filtrate
27
The rate of filtration...
is directly proportional to the net filtration pressure
28
Regulation of filtration rate
rate typically constant; may need to increase or decrease to maintain homeostasis
29
Sympathetic nervous system reflexes
respond to drops in blood pressure and blood volume -as pressure drops, sympathetic nerves cause vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles -as pressure rises, sympathetic nerves cause vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles
30
Hydrostatic pressure
blood forces substances through capillary wall
31
Net filtration pressure
normally always positive
32
What is the hydrostatic pressure of blood greater than?
the hydrostatic pressure of the glomerulus capsule and the osmotic pressure of glomerulus plasma
33
What happens if arterial blood pressure falls dramatically?
the glomerular hydrostatic pressure falls below level needed for filtration
34
What can cause renal failure?
if the epithelial cells of renal tubules lack nutrients and cells die
35
Glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure
55 mm Hg
36
Blood colloid osmotic pressure
30 mm Hg
37
Capsular hydrostatic pressure
15 mm Hg
38
Renin
production by JGA, an enzyme controlling filtration rate
39
What 3 stimuli do juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin in response to?
-sympathetic stimulation (fast response) -specialized pressure receptors in afferent arterioles sense a decrease in blood pressure -macula densa senses a decrease in chloride, potassium, and sodium ions reaching the distal tubule
40
Angiotensin II
vasoconstricts efferent arteriole and stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from adrenal glands
41
Some reabsorption is passive
water --> osmosis small ions --> diffusion
42
Where does most reabsorption occur?
the proximal convoluted tubule, where microvilli cells act as transporters, taking up needed substances from the filtrate and absorbing them into the peritubular capillary blood
43
Sodium potassium pump
reabsorbs 70% of sodium ions in PCT
44
Where does active transport of sodium ions occur?
along remainder of nephron and collecting duct
45
Materials not reabsorbed
nitrogenous waste, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and excess water
46
Normal amount of water in young adult females
50%
47
Normal amount of water in young adult males
60%
48
Normal amount of water in babies
75%
49
Normal amount of water in older age
45%
50
Intracellular fluid
inside cell; 25L, 40% body weight
51
Extracellular fluid
outside cells; 15L, 20% body weight
52
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
prevents excessive water loss in urine
53
Aldosterone
regulates sodium ion content of extracellular fluid
54
What are active monitors?
cells in the kidneys and hypothalamus
55
Characteristics of urine
-yellow -sterile -slightly aromatic -pH around 6 -specific gravity 1.001-1.035
56
Peristalsis
aids gravity in urine transport from the kidneys to the bladder
57
Trigone
3 openings -2 from the ureters -1 to the urethra which drains the bladder
58
Urinary bladder wall
three layers of smooth muscle (detrusor muscle)
59
Urethra
thin-walled tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis -release of urine controlled by 2 sphincters

Anatomy II (10 decks)

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