Ch. 28 The Reproductive System

Question 1

The male and female reproductive organs

Answer 1

Produce and store specialized reproductive cells that
combine to form new individuals

Question 2

Sexual reproduction

Answer 2

a process in which organisms produce offspring by means of germ cells called gametes

Question 3

Organs of reproduction

Answer 3

gonads, ducts, and accessory sex glands

Question 4

Gynecology

Answer 4

specialized branch of medicine concerned with the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

Question 5

Urology

Answer 5

the study of the urinary system but also includes diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the male reproductive system

Question 6

Andrology

Answer 6

the study of only male reproductive diseases

Question 7

Male reproductive organs

Answer 7

testes, ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory ducts, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands, penis

Question 8

Female reproductive organs

Answer 8

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, external organs,

Question 9

Scrotum

Answer 9

a sac of loose skin and underlying subcutaneous tissue that contains the testes. Internally, it is separated into two compartments by the
dartos muscle and a subcutaneous layer

Question 10

The reproduction and survival of spermatozoa require…

Answer 10

a temperature that is lower than normal core body temp.

Question 11

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 11

carry sperm produced within them (spermatogenesis) out of the testes

Question 12

Sertoli cells or sustentacular cells

Answer 12

embedded among the spermatogenic cells
-The tight junctions of these cells form the blood-testis barrier that prevents an immune response against the surface antigens on the spermatogenic cells
-They also nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa; mediate the effects of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone on spermatogenesis

Question 13

Leydig cells

Answer 13

interstitial endocrinocytes found in
the spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone

Question 14

Head of sperm

Answer 14

contains a nucleus with 23 chromosomes

Question 15

Acrosome

Answer 15

covers the head of the sperm and contains enzymes that help with penetration

Question 16

Neck of sperm

Answer 16

contains centrioles that form the microtubules that make up the rest of the tail

Question 17

The middle piece of the sperm

Answer 17

contains mitochondria that make ATP for locomotion of sperm

Question 18

Spermatogenes

Answer 18

the process by which the
seminiferous tubules of the testes produce haploid sperm
-this begins with spermatogonia (diploid stem cells)
that differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes

Question 19

The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis I to

Answer 19

to become two secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

Question 20

Meiosis II

Answer 20

the secondary spermatocytes become four spermatids

Question 21

Spermiogenesis

Answer 21

the maturation of the spermatids into sperm

Question 22

Spermiation

Answer 22

the release of a sperm from its connection to a sertoli

Question 23

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 23

at puberty, stimulates cells in the anterior pituitary gland to produce luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 24

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 24

stimulates cells in the testes to produce
testosterone

Question 25

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer 25

stimulates spermatogenesis

Question 26

Inhibition of FSH by inhibin helps...

Answer 26

regulate the rate of spermatogenesis

Question 27

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone produce several effects

Answer 27

-prenatal development -development of male sexual characteristics -development of sexual function -stimulation of anabolism

Question 28

What controls the blood level of testosterone?

Answer 28

a negative feedback system

Question 29

Testosterone controls

Answer 29

-the growth, development, functioning, and maintenance of sex organs; -stimulates bone growth, -protein anabolism, -sperm maturation; -stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics

Question 30

Efferent ducts

Answer 30

carry sperm to the epididymis

Question 31

Urethra

Answer 31

both urine and sperm pass through

Question 32

Seminal vesicles

Answer 32

secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid containing fructose, prostaglandins and clotting proteins

Question 33

Prostate

Answer 33

a single, donut-shaped gland that secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphatase and seminalplasmin

Question 34

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

Answer 34

secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralizes acids from urine and mucus for lubrication.

Question 35

Semen

Answer 35

a mixture of sperm and seminal fluid

Question 36

Volume of average ejaculate

Answer 36

50-150 million sperm per ml

Question 37

Erection

Answer 37

brought about by parasympathetic innervation leading to vasodilation of arterioles in erectile tissue

Question 38

Ejaculation

Answer 38

the powerful release of semen due to sympathetic stimulation. The bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles contract to force the semen out

Question 39

Ovaries

Answer 39

paired glands homologous to the testes. They produce gametes (mature into ova) and hormones (progesterone, estrogens, inhibin, relaxin)

Question 40

The ovaries consist of

Answer 40

germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, and ovarian medulla

Question 41

Ovarian follicles

Answer 41

contain oocytes in various stages of development, follicular cells and granulosa cells

Question 42

Corpus luteum

Answer 42

contains the remnants of an ovulated follicle and produces progesterone, estrogens, inhibin and relaxin until it degenerates into a corpus albicans

Question 43

Oogenesis

Answer 43

formation of gametes in the ovaries -begins before a female is born

Question 44

Each month after puberty, FSH and LH

Answer 44

stimulate the development of the primordial follicles. Only one usually reaches maturity. A few start to grow, developing into primary follicles

Question 45

At ovulation

Answer 45

both cells and the corona radiata enter the uterine tube. If sperm are present and fertilization takes place, the secondary oocyte continues into meiosis II

Question 46

Zygote

Answer 46

when a ovum unites with the sperm

Question 47

3 layers of uterine tubes

Answer 47

mucosa, muscularis and serosa

Question 48

Peg cells

Answer 48

secrete fluid that nourish the ovum

Question 49

3 layers of the uterus

Answer 49

perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

Question 50

Secretory cells of the cervix

Answer 50

produce cervical mucus which is chemically more hospitable to sperm during ovulation because it is less viscous and more alkaline

Question 51

The vulva includes the

Answer 51

-mons pubis -labia minora -labia majora -clitoris -vestibule (hymen)

Question 52

Mammary glands contain

Answer 52

15-30 lobes

Question 53

Each lobe has lobules that

Answer 53

contain milk secreting glands called alveoli

Question 54

Lactiferous ducts

Answer 54

where milk emerges

Question 55

4 phases of female reproductive cycle

Answer 55

1. menstrual 2. preovulatory 3. ovulation 4. postovulatory

Question 56

The high levels of estrogens during the last part of the preovulatory phase has a...

Answer 56

positive feedback effect on cells secreting LH and GnRH thus bringing about ovulation

Question 57

Before differentiation, all embryos have:

Answer 57

-urethral folds -urethral groove -genital tubercle -labioscrotal swelling