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Microbiology > CH 27 - Genitourinary Tract Infections > Flashcards

CH 27 - Genitourinary Tract Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

Catheter
(definition)

A

Flexible tube that can be inserted into the bladder or other body location in order to drain or deliver fluids

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2
Q

Chancre
(definition)

A

Ulcerating sore that develops during initial stage of syphilis

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3
Q

Cystitis
(definition)

A

Inflammation of the bladder

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4
Q

Papilloma
(definition)

A

Abnormal tissue growth that projects outward (ex: wart)

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5
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
(definition)

A

Infection of fallopian tubes, uterus, or ovaries

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6
Q

Pyelonephritis
(definition)

A

Infection of kidneys

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7
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome
(definition)

A

Potentially life-threatening drop in BP due to circulating bacterial toxin

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8
Q

Normal Microbiota:
Urethra

A

Supports colonization by microorganisms

Primary species:
1. Lactobacillus
2. Staphylococcus

Microbes can move up to infect kidneys

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9
Q

Normal Microbiota:
Male Reproductive System

A

Region above prostrate meant to be sterile

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10
Q

Normal Microbiota:
Female Reproductive System

A

Vagina colonized by various microorganisms

Composition varies depending on hormone levels

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11
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Causative Agents

A

Inflammation of the bladder

  1. E.coli
    - Most common (80-90% in women)
    - Uropathogenic E.coli (UPEC)
  2. Staphylococcus saprophyticus
    - 5-10% in younger women
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12
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Symptoms

A

Abrupt onset

  • Burning pain on urination
  • Cloudy urine
  • Odor
  • May have pale red color (blood)
  • Tenderness

Complication = pyelonephritis (kidney infection)

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13
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Catheters

A

Often lead to chronic infections

  1. Pseudomonas
  2. Serratia
  3. Enterococcus
  4. Proteus
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13
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Pathogenesis

A

Organisms reach bladder by ascending from urethra
- Attach to receptors on bladder lining

Pyelonephritis
- Bacteria ascend ureters & damage kidneys

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14
Q

Bacterial Cystitis:
Treatment

A

Antibiotic therapy

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14
Q

Leptospirosis:
Causative Agent

A

Leptospira interrogans
- Spirochete

Normally lives in many wild & domestic animals (zoonotic disease)

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15
Q

Leptospirosis:
Virulence Factors

A

Virulent stains:

  1. Make adhesins
  2. Can evade complement activity
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16
Q

Leptospirosis:
Symptoms

A
  • Abrupt fever
  • Myalgia
  • Muscle stiffness
  • Headache
  • Rarely fatal
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17
Q

Leptospirosis:
Pathogenesis

A

Contact with urine of infected animal or urine-contaminated water
- Through skin or mucous membrane

Spirochete travels via bloodstream through body

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18
Q

Leptospirosis:
Epidemiology

A

Occurs throughout world

Rare in US

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19
Q

Leptospirosis:
Treatment

A

Antibiotics

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20
Q

Leptospirosis:
Prevention

A

Avoiding contaminated water

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21
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis:
Causative Agent

A

Dysbiosis

Caused by different bacteria that predominate when Lactobacilli are lower

Ex: Gardenerelli vaginalis & Mycoplasma hominis

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22
Q

Bacterial Vaginosis:
S/S

A

White vaginal discharge with distinct color

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23
Bacterial Vaginosis: Pathogenesis/Epidemiology
Associated with having multiple sexual partners & vaginal douching Increases risk of other STDs (ex: HIV)
24
Bacterial Vaginosis: Diagnosis
S/S "Clue cells" - Vaginal epithelial cells coated with bacteria
25
Bacterial Vaginosis: Treatment
Oral/vaginal metronidazole
26
Vaginal Candidiasis: Causative Agent
Candida albicans Overgrowth of fungus
27
Vaginal Candidiasis: S/S
Severe vaginal itching/burning
28
Vaginal Candidiasis: Pathogenesis/Epidemiology
Candida multiples rapidly when vaginal pH changes Antibiotic usage reduces bacterial flora & leads to Oral birth control leads to
29
Vaginal Candidiasis: Treatment & Prevention
Fluconazole (Diflucan) OTC Monistat
30
Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome: Causative Agent
Staphylococcus aureus Some strains produce toxic shock syndrome toxin - Super antigens - Cause excessive cytokine production by T cells
31
Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome: S/S
- Sudden onset fever - Chills - Vomiting - Diarrhea - Low BP - Confusion - Severe red rash - Individuals go into shock if untreated
32
Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome: Diagnosis
Based on S/S
33
Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome: Treatment
Requires removal of foreign material & antimicrobial drugs
34
Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome: Prevention
Avoiding tampons or using less absorbent tampons reduces risk
35
Staphylococcus Toxic Shock Syndrome: Super antigens
1. Override specificity of T cells response - Causes toxic effects due to massive release of cytokines by large number of helper T cell 2. Short-circuit normal control mechanisms of antigen process & presentation - Binds MHC class II & T cell receptor - Causes activation of 1 in 5 T cells (instead of 1 in 10,000)
36
Gonorrhea: Causative Agent
Neisseria gonorrhea - G- diplococcus
37
Gonorrhea: S/S (men & women)
Men: - Painful urination - Pus-filled discharge Women = generally asymptomatic
38
Gonorrhea: Pathogenesis
Infect ONLY humans Transmitted primarily via sexual contact - Associated with multiple sexual partners Attach to non-ciliated epithelial cells via pili - Urethra, uterine cervix, pharynx, conjunctiva Antigenic variation (pili) - Allows escape from Ab
39
Gonorrhea: Untreated Disease in Men...
Can lead to complications: - UTIs - Orchitis (inflammation of 1 or both testicles) - Sterility
40
Gonorrhea: Gonococcal Conjunctivitis of Newborn
Infection of newborn during birth - Acquired from infected birth canal Can lead to blindness Prevented with silver nitrate or erythromycin (given within 1 hr of birth)
41
Gonorrhea: Untreated Women...
Can develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Can lead to sterility
42
Gonorrhea: Diagnosis
Based on S/S
43
Gonorrhea: Treatment
Oral cephalosporin & quinolone
44
Gonorrhea: Prevention
NO vaccine
45
Chlamydia Infections: Causative Agent
Chlamydia trachomatis - Obligate intracellular G- Developmental cycle: - Elementary bodies = infective form - Reticulate bodies = reproductive form
46
Chlamydia Infections: S/S (females & males)
Females: - Most are asymptomatic - Infection can lead to PID, sterility Males: - Painful urination - Pus discharge from penis
47
Chlamydia Infections: Lymphogranuloma venereum
Severe form of disease Transient genital lesion & bubo in groin
48
Chlamydia Infections: Pathogenesis
Enter body through abrasions or lacerations - Infect cells of conjunctiva or cells lining mucous membranes Infection in adolescence associated with increased risk of cervical cancer
49
Chlamydia Infections: Epidemiology
Most common reportable STD in US
50
Chlamydia Infections: Diagnosis
Demonstration of chlamydial DNA following PCR amplification
51
Chlamydia Infections: Treatment
Antibacterial drugs
52
Chlamydia Infections: Prevention
Safe sex practices
53
Syphilis: Causative agent
Treponema pallidum - Motile spirochete Cannot be cultivated in lab outside cells - Grown in rabbit testes Darkfield microscopy used for ID
54
Syphilis: Stages of Disease
1. Primary syphilis 2. Secondary syphilis 3. Latent syphilis 4. Tertiary syphilis
55
Syphilis: Primary Syphilis (S/S)
Presence of chancre (painless/hard lesion)
56
Syphilis: Secondary Syphilis (S/S)
- Widespread rash - Sore throat - Headache - Mild fever - Malaise - Myalgia
57
Syphilis: Latent Syphilis (S/S)
NO clinical signs
58
Syphilis: Tertiary Syphilis (S/S)
- Gummas (granulomas) - Dementia - Blindness - Paralysis - Heart failure
59
Syphilis: Pathogenesis
Penetrates mucous membranes & abraded skin Low infecting dose (<100 organisms) Multiplies in localized area - Spread to lymph nodes & bloodstream
60
Syphilis: Epidemiology
NO animal reservoir (lives only in humans) Transmitted via sexual contact - Can be passed during childbirth (mother to child) - Blood test used a potential screening method
61
Syphilis: Prevention
NO vaccine Safe sex practices decrease risk (ex: condom use) Prompt identification & treatment of infected individuals & contacts
62
Syphilis: Treatment
Primary & secondary stages effectively treated with antibiotics Antibiotics somewhat effective in tertiary (must be treated longer)
63
Genital Herpes: Causative Agent
Herpes simplex virus - Type 2 = main cause - Type 1 = causes oral herpes (can infect genitals through oral sex) Virus becomes latent in nerve cells
64
Genital Herpes: S/S
Small bisters on/arounds genitals or rectum
65
Genital Herpes: Pathogenesis
Spread through sexual contact Herpes virus kills epithelial cells at infection site Blisters may form at sites far removed from initial infection site
66
Genital Herpes: Epidemiology
Genital herpes quadruples risk of HIV infection
67
Genital Herpes: Diagnosis
Based on characteristic lesion
68
Genital Herpes: Treatment
Administration of acyclovir or other antiviral agents to suppress virus
69
Genital Herpes: Prevention
Abstinence Condoms (reduce risk of transmission)
70
Genital Warts: Causative Agent
Human papillomaviruses - dsDNA - Non-enveloped Nearly 100 types - 30 transmitted sexually - 15 types strongly associated with cancer
71
Genital Warts: S/S
Warts range in size from small bumps to giant forms (condylomata cuminata)
72
Genital Warts: Pathogenesis
HPV invades skin/mucous membranes of penis, vagina, or anus Infection can lead to cervical cancer in women
73
Trichomoniasis: Causative Agent
Trichomonas vaginalis - Protozoan parasite
74
Trichomoniasis: S/S (females & males)
Females: - Foul-smelling, yellow/green vaginal discharge - Vaginal irritation Males = typically asymptomatic
75
Trichomoniasis: Epidemiology
156 million worldwide cases 3rd most common sexually transmitted infection in US (after HPV & chlamydia) Most common curable STD in women
76
Trichomoniasis: Pathogenesis
Transmission via sexual intercourse Individuals with multiple sexual partners or infected with other venereal disease at higher risk
77
Trichomoniasis: Diagnosis
Based on presence of Trichomonas in secretions of vagina, urethra, or prostate
78
Trichomoniasis: Treatment
Single dose of oral metronidazole
79
Trichomoniasis: Prevention
Safe sex practices Refraining from sex with infected persons

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