Ch 3 Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
Define Cell
A
the smallest unit of life
2
Q
Define Phospholipid
A
chief component of cell membranes / help transport lipids in blood / ha 2 fatty acid chains and 1 phosphate group with an attached nitrogen containing group
3
Q
Define cholesterol
A
Stiffens membrane / Further decreases water solubility of membrane
4
Q
Define hydrophobic
A
attracted to water
5
Q
Define hydrophilic
A
avoid water
6
Q
Define amphipathic
A
(of a molecule, especially a protein) having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
7
Q
Define semipermeable
A
determines which substances enter or exit the cell
8
Q
Define kinetic energy
A
energy that is being used to move something
9
Q
Define diffusion
A
the movement of molecules or ions from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration
10
Q
Define gradient
A
movement from high to low concentration is also called movement down
11
Q
Define polarized
A
12
Q
Define voltage
A
13
Q
Define receptor
A
14
Q
Define polypeptide
A
15
Q
Define globular
A
16
Q
Define fibrous
A
17
Q
Define denature
A
18
Q
Define active site
A
19
Q
Define intracellular
A
20
Q
Define extracellular
A
21
Q
Define lipid bilyaer
A
22
Q
Define colloid
A
23
Q
Define absorption
A
24
Q
Describe the cell theory
A
the cell is the smallest unit of life
all organisms are made of one or more cells
cells only arise from other cells
25
List and describe the 3 major parts of a cell seen under the microscope
- the plasma membrane; the outer boundary of the cell
- the cytoplasm; the intracellular fluid packed with the organelles
- the nucleus; an organelle that controls cellular activity
26
Define plasma membrane. State its function
the outer boundry of the cell; it acts as a permeable barrier that allows certain things in
27
Describe the structure of the fluid mosaic model
rows of phospholipids with some proteins and carbohydrates every now and then
28
Identify the 3 lipid components of the plasma membrane. State their function
phospholipids: form the structure of the membrane and keep water-soluble substances form coming in
enzymes: determines what functions the membrane can perform
carbohydrates: acts as identity molecules, allows cells to know 'who is who'
29
Identify the protein populations of the plasma membrane
Integral proteins; firmly inserted into membrane
| Peripheral proteins; not imbedded into lipid bilayer
30
Understand fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer
31
What is a lipid raft? State the importance
32
Describe the Glycocalyx and state it functions
fuzzy, sticky, carbohydrate-rich area at the cell surface created by sugars of glycoproteins and glycolipids
it provides identity for the cell
33
Know the 6 functions of membrane proteins
```
Transporters
receptors
enzymatic activity
cell-cell recognition
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
cell-to-cell joining
```
34
What are microvilli and where would you find them? State their function
Microvilli are thin finger-like membrane protrusions that are found on the surface of a wide variety of cell types
35
Identify the 3 types of membrane junctions and state their functions
tight junctions: prevent molecules from passing between cells
gap junctions: allows small molecules to pass from cell to cell
desmosomes: anchoring junctions / helps keep cells from tearing apart
36
Identify the substances surrounding cells. Know how it is produced and name the basic components
37
Define selective permeability. How does this affect the components of interstitial fluid
38
Describe the difference between Active and Passive forms of transport across the plasma membrane
39
Define the following:
a. Diffusion
b. Concentration gradient
the movement of molecules or ions from an area where they are in higher concentration to an area where they are in lower concentration
movement from high to low concentration is also called movement down
40
Identify 2 factors that influence the speed of diffusion
concentration
molecular size
temperature
41
Identify substances transported by simple diffusion
gases, steroid hormones, and fatty acids
42
Describe facilitated diffusion. Identify substances transported by facilitated diffusion
the transported substance either 'binds to carrier proteins in the membrane and is ferried across' or 'moves through water-filled channel proteins'
43
How do the following proteins function in facilitated diffusion?
Carriers –
Channels -
transmembrane proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules, such as sugars and amino acids, that are too large to pass though membrane channels
transmembrane proteins that transport substance, usually ions or water, through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other
44
How is facilitate diffusion regulated
45
How is osmosis different from diffusion
46
Define the following:
a. Osmolarity
b. Tonicity
c. Isotonic
d. Hypertonic
e. Hypotonic
- the total concentration of all solute particles in a solution
- the ability of a solution to change the shape of cells by altering the cells internal water volume
- the same tonicity
- a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell
- a lower concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than seen in the cell.
47
How is primary active transport different from facilitated diffusion
expends its own energy, and moves against the gradient current
48
Know the 6 steps involved in solute pumping
49
Know the difference between primary and secondary active transport
50
Know why 2 substances are transported in secondary active transport
51
Define:
Symporter –
Antiporter –
52
Define vesicle and state its importance in vesicular transport
53
# Define the following:
Endocytosis –
Transcytosis –
Vesicular trafficking –
54
What is a clathrin-coated vesicle
55
What is an Endosome
56
What are 3 possible fates of endosomal contents
57
Identify the 3 types of endocytosis that use clathrin-coated vesicles and know examples of each
58
How are non-clathrin-coated vesicles different from the above
59
Define and describe Exocytosis
60
What is the resting membrane potential? State the significance
61
Identify the cation that establishes the membrane potential. Identify the 2nd cation and explain how the resting membrane potential is created
62
How does an electrochemical gradient influence ion movement across the plasma membrane
63
Identify the two families of glycoproteins that allow a cell to interact with its environment
64
State the 5 functions of cell adhesion molecules(CAMS)
65
How do membrane receptors function in contact signaling
66
Name the 3 classes of ligands that bind membrane receptors and function in chemical signaling
67
What is the basic response of all receptors after binding ligands
68
Identify 2 functions carried out by membrane receptors
69
How do G protein-linked receptors function in chemical signaling
70
Identify two important second messengers
71
What is nitric oxide and why is it considered a signaling molecule
72
Identify the 3 major components of the cytoplasm and state the general function
73
Know the structure and function of mitochondria
74
Know the structure and function of ribosomes
75
What determines the location of protein synthesis
76
Identify the components of the Endomembrane system and their interactions
77
Know the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
78
Know the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
79
Know the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus
80
Know the structure and function of the Lysosomes
81
State the significance of Lysosomes in Tay-Sachs disease
82
Describe the Peroxisome and state the functions
83
What is the difference between a Lysosome and a Peroxisome
84
Describe the cytoskeleton
85
Describe the structure and functions of the following:
a. Microfilaments
b. Intermediate filaments
c. Microtubules, motor proteins
86
Identify the following and state their functions
Centrisome
Centriole
Cilia
Flagella
87
What are microvilli and where would you find them? State their function
88
Describe the nucleus and state the function
89
Know an example of multinucleate cells
90
Know an example of anucleate cells
91
Know components of the nuclear envelope and their functions
92
Describe formation of a nucleolus and state the function
93
Know the difference between the following:
Chromatin
Chromatids, histones, nucleosomes
Chromosome
94
What takes place during Interphase of a cell’s life cycle
95
Identify the 3 sub-phases of Interphase and know the activities in each
96
Describe the 7 events in DNA replication. Know the enzyme that synthesizes DNA
97
Know the complementary base pairs of DNA
98
State the two stages of cell division and their definitions
99
Be able to describe the 4 phases of mitosis (fig 3.33)
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
100
Identify 3 ways in which cell division is controlled
101
Identify the two protein families that regulate completion of S phase
102
Define:
Gene
Protein
Genetic code
Triplet
Codon
Anticodon
103
Identify the 3 classes of RNA and state their function in protein synthesis
104
Know the 2 major events of protein synthesis and where each step takes place
105
Describe the importance of transcription factors
106
Identify the enzyme that synthesizes primary mRNA
107
Name the 3 phases of transcription
108
Know why primary mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus
109
Understand how the genetic code controls the sequence of amino acids in the forming polypeptide
110
State why the structure of tRNA allows dual functions
111
Know the structure of a ribosome and how it promotes building the polypeptide chain
112
State the sequence events in translation
113
Be able to interpret the genetic code
114
Understand the purpose of autophagy
it allows cells to dispose of clumps of unneeded proteins and other cytoplasmic organelles
in times of stress, particularly starvation, it allows to cannibalize parts of themselves in order to survive
it helps restructure cells during development
115
Know why some proteins must be destroyed. Include the following
a. Ubiquitins
b. Proteasomes
misfolded, damaged, or unneeded proteins are marked for destruction by a ubiquitin protein attaches it self to it, the tagged proteins are then hydrolyzed by proteasomes, giant 'waste disposal' complexes.
this is essential during times of starvation to provide amino acids for synthesis
116
Describe how an embryonic stem cell differentiates
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells that differentiate as a result of signaling mechanisms. These are tightly controlled by most growth factors, cytokines and epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling
117
Define hyperplasia
accelerated growth
118
What is the purpose of apoptosis
to rid the body of cells that are programmed to have a limited life span
