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Biochem 1 (CHEM 441A) > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

Adenine and guanine

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2
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

Cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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3
Q

How many rings does purines have?

A

2 rings

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4
Q

How many rings do pyrimidines have?

A

1 ring

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5
Q

Why is RNA more unstable than DNA?

A

RNA has ribose which has a 2’ OH

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of DNA structures?

A

A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA

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7
Q

What is the most stable DNA structure?

A

B-DNA

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8
Q

Which DNA structure is common in cells?

A

B-DNA

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9
Q

What form is DNA usually in?

A

B-DNA

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10
Q

Which DNA structures can sometimes be in the same molecules?

A

B-DNA and Z-DNA

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11
Q

What does it mean if Z-DNA is next to B-DNA?

A

Transcription of the B-form is about to occur

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12
Q

Which DNA structure(s) is/are right handed?

A

A-DNA and B-DNA

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13
Q

Which DNA structure(s) is/are left handed?

A

Z-DNA

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14
Q

How are the base pairs in DNA similar to the hydrophobic effect in membranes?

A
  • Nitrogenous bases in DNA are hydrophobic so they interact primarily with each other but not water
  • Water doesn’t have to be organized around them
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15
Q

What is Chargaff’s rule (concept and equation)?

A
  • A-T means A binds to T and G-C means G binds to C (Watson-Crick base pairs)
  • [A+T]/[G+C] is characteristic of different species
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16
Q

What affects DNA stability?

A

Base stacking stabilizes the helix via van der Waals interactions and hydrophobic effect

17
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A
  • Genetic material of most organisms and some viruses
  • Inheritance
  • Gene expression (template for transcription of RNA)
  • Sequences surrounding a gene regulate gene expression
  • More stable than RNA
18
Q

What are the functions of RNA?

A
  • Genetic material of some viruses
  • Gene expression (translation)
  • Determines which proteins are present
19
Q

What are the functions of nucleotides?

A
  • Drive endergonic reactions
  • Cell signaling (activators, secondary messengers, allosteric regulation of enzymes, phosphorylation of enzymes for regulation)
20
Q

Why is supercoiling needed?

A

Keep DNA inside cells

21
Q

What induces supercoiling?

A

DNA replication and transcription

22
Q

What relieves supercoiling?

A

Topoisomerases I and II

23
Q

What does topoisomerase I do?

A

Cleaves 1 DNA strand at a time

24
Q

What does topoisomerase II do?

A

Cleaves 2 DNA strands at a time

25
Q

What is the coding strand?

A

The same sequence as mRNA but T is replaced with U

26
Q

What is the template strand?

A

The DNA strand that is copied

27
Q

What is the start codon nucleotide sequence in the template strand?

A

3’ - TAC - 5’

Biochem 1 (CHEM 441A) (12 decks)

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