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Bio 235 > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

cells and homeostasis

A

cells carry out a multitude of functions that help each system contribute to the homeostasis of the
entire body. At the same time, all cells share key structures and functions that support their intense
activity

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2
Q

cells

A

are the basic, living structural and functional units of the body.

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3
Q

scientific student of cells

A

cell biology or cytology

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

forms the cells flexible outer surface separating the cells internal environment and the external environment
the plasma membrane, which surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of a
cell, is composed of proteins and lipids

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus- two components are cytosol and organelles

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6
Q

nucleus

A

is a large organelle that houses most of a cells DNA

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7
Q

list three main parts of a cell

A

The principal parts of a cell are the plasma membrane; the cytoplasm, nucleus

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8
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of comoponents- including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates- that gives the membrane a fluid structure

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9
Q

functions of the Plasma Membrane

A
  1. Acts as a barrier separating inside
    and outside of the cell.
  2. Controls the flow of substances into
    and out of the cell.
  3. Helps identify the cell to other cells
    (e.g., immune cells).
  4. Participates in intercellular
    signaling
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10
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

pericellular matrix- (extensive sugary coat), a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of bacteria

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11
Q

Functions of membrane proteins

A

membrane proteins largely reflect the functions a cell can perform.pg 63

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12
Q

integral proteins

A
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13
Q

transmembrane proteins

A
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14
Q

peripheral proteins

A
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15
Q

glycoproteins

A
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16
Q

membranes functions

A
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17
Q

When stimulating a cell, the hormone insulin first binds
to a protein in the plasma membrane. This action best
represents which membrane protein function?

A
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18
Q

ion channels

A
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19
Q

carriers

A

other integral proteins act as carriers selectively moving polar substances or ion from one side of the membrane to another

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20
Q

receptors

A

cellular recognition sites, bind to a specific type of molecule- ex insulin receptor bind the hormone insulin

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21
Q

enzyme

A

the catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inside or outside of the cell

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22
Q

linkers

A

the anchor proteins in the plasma membrane of neighboring cells to one another or to protein filaments inside and outside the cells

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23
Q

cell- identity markers

A

membrane glycoproteins and glycolipids are often cell identity markers. they may enable a cell to (1) recognize other cells of the
same kind during tissue formation or (2) recognize and respond to
potentially dangerous foreign cells

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24
Q

selective permeability

A

Plasma membranes permit some substances to pass more readily than
others

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25
concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another, such as from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane
26
passive processes
a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion).
27
active processes
cellular energy is used to drive the substance “uphill” against its concentration or electrical gradient.
28
electrical gradient
29
membrane potential
30
electrochemical gradient
31
passive processes
32
active processes
33
vesicles
34
diffusion
35
. How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions govern the arrangement of membrane lipids in a bilayer?
36
What substances can and cannot diff use through the lipid bilayer?
37
The proteins present in a plasma membrane determine the functions that a membrane can perform.” Is this statement true or false? Explain your answer
38
How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity?
39
Why are membranes said to have selective permeability?
40
What factors contribute to an electrochemical gradient?
41
steepness of the concentration gradient
42
temperature
43
factors influence the diffusion rate
44
facilitated diffusion
45
channel- mediated facilitated diffusion
46
ion channels
47
mass of the diffusing substance
. The larger the mass of the diff using particle, the slower its diffusion rate.
48
surface area
The larger the membrane surface area available for diffusion, the faster the diffusion rate
49
diffusion distance
The greater the distance over which diffusion must occur, the longer it takes
50
simple diffusion
a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins
51
gated
A channel is said to be gated when part of the channel protein acts as a “plug” or “gate,” changing shape in one way to open the pore and in another way to close it
52
carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
53
transport maximum,
54
Osmosis
55
aquaporins
56
hydrostatic pressure
57
osmotic pressure
the solution with the impermeable solute also exerts a force
58
hemolysis
59
hypertonic solution
60
crenation
61
tonicity
62
isotonic solution
63
hypotonic solution
64
primary active transport
65
pumps
66
sodium potassium pump
67
Na+-K+ ATPase
68
active transport
69
secondary active transport
70
symporters
71
antiporters
72
transport in vesicles
73
vesicle
74
endocytosis
75
exocytosis
76
receptor- mediated endocytosis
77
binding
78
vesicle formation
79
uncoating
80
fusion with endosome
81
recycling of receptors to plasma membrane
82
degradation in lysosomes
83
phagocytosis
84
phagocytes
85
pinocytosis
86
bulk-phase endocytosis
87
cytoplasm
88
cytoskeleton
the cytoskeleton is a network of three types of protein filaments—microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules—that extends throughout the cytoplasm
89
transcytosis
90
exocytosis
91
microfilaments
92
microvilli
93
intermediate filaments
94
functions of the Cytoskeleton
1. Serves as a scaffold that helps determine a cell’s shape and organize the cellular contents. 2. Aids movement of organelles within the cell, of chromosomes during cell division, and of whole cells such as phagocytes.
95
microtubules
96
organelles
97
centrosome
98
centrioles
99
pericentriolar matrix
100
cilia
101
Functions of the Centrosome
. The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome contains tubulins that build microtubules in nondividing cells. 2. The pericentriolar matrix of the centrosome forms the mitotic spindle during cell division.
102
functions of cilia and flagella
cilia move fluids along a cells surface flagellum moves an entire cell
103
flagella
104
ribosome
105
functions of ribosomes
ribosomes associated with endoplasmic reticulum synthesize proteins destined for insertion in the plasma membrane or secretion from the cell. 2. Free ribosomes synthesize proteins used in the cytosol.
106
rough ER
107
smooth ER
108
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
109
functions of endoplasmic reticulum
pg 80
110
golgi complex
cisterns
111
medial cisterns
112
functions of the Golgi Complex
1. modifies, sorts, packages, and transports proteins received from the rough ER. 2. Forms secretory vesicles that discharge processed proteins via exocytosis into extracellular fluid; forms membrane vesicles that ferry new molecules to the plasma membrane; forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles, such as lysosomes
113
secretory vesicles
114
membrane vesicles
115
transfer vesicles
116
maturation of the cisternae and exchanges
pg 91
117
lysosomes
118
autolysis
119
peroxisomes
120
autophagy
121
functions of lysosomes
1. digest substances that enter a cell via endocytosis and transport final products of digestion into cytosol. 2. Carry out autophagy, the digestion of worn-out organelles. 3. Implement autolysis, the digestion of an entire cell. 4. Accomplish extracellular digestion
122
proteasomes
123
mitochondria
124
external mitochondrial membrane
125
internal mitochondrial membrane
126
mitochondrial cristae
127
functions of Mitochondria
1. genenerate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration. 2. Play an important early role in apoptosis.
128
mitochondrial matrix
129
apoptosis
130
nucleus
131
nuclear envelope
132
nuclear pores
133
nucleoli
134
chromatin
135
genome
136
nucleosome
137
histones
138
what are some of the chemicals present in cytosol?
139
what is the function of cytosol?
140
which organelles are surrounded by a membrane and which are not?
141
which organelles contribute to synthesizing protein hormones and packaging them into secretory vesicles?
142
What happens on the cristae and in the matrix of mitochondria?
143
functions of nucleus
1. controls cellular structure. 2. Directs cellular activities. 3. Produces ribosomes in nucleoli.
144
chromatin fiber
145
chromatids
146
how do large particles enter and exit the nucleus
147
where are ribosomes produced
148
how is DNA packed in the nucleus
149
proteome
150
gene expression
151
base triplet
152
codon
153
genetic code
154
transcription
155
messenger RNA
156
ribosomal RNA
157
transfer RNA
158
RNA polymerase
159
anticodon
160
promoter
161
terminator
162
introns
163
exons
164
translation
165
polyribosome
166
cell cycle
167
homologous chromosome
168
sex chromosome
169
diploid (2n) cells
170
interphase
171
cell divison
172
cell division
173
germ cell
174
somatic cell division
175
mitosis
176
cytokinesis
177
reproductive cell division
178
interphase
179
mitotic (M) phase
180
prophase
181
centromere
182
mitotic spindle
183
metaphase
184
anaphase
185
telophase
186
possible destinies
187
necrosis
188
crossing over
189
genetic recombination
190
meiosis
191
haploid (n) cell
192
meosis 1
193
meiosis 1
194
meiosis 2
195
comparison between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2
196
distinguish between somatic and reproductive cell division and explain the importance of each.
197
what is the significance of interphase?
198
outline the major events of each stage of the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.
199
how are apoptosis and necrosis similar? How do they diff er
200
how are haploid cells and diploid cells different
201
size of cell
202
shape of cell

Bio 235 (5 decks)

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