ch 3 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Situationist hypothesis
people from independent cultures create social interactions that boost self esteem
Trait self esteem
stable
state self esteem
unstable, fluctuates across diff situations
Defining the self in interdependently leads to
more likely to seek opportunities for self-improvement
Self enhancement
desire to maintain,increase, or protect positive views of the self
Self-serving construals
better than average effect: they think they are above avg in popularity, kindness, fairness, leadership, etc
-More people think they are above average on ambiguous traits (ie:sympathetic) rather than unambiguous (tall)
Self-affirmation theory
focus on people’s efforts to maintain an overall sense of self-worth when confronted with feedback or events that threaten self-image
-People maintain self worth by affirming themselves in a domain unrelated to threatened domain
High self enhancers(taylor et al study)
coped with stress more effectively and less cardiovascular arousal than low self enhancers during stress
(Heine et all, 1999)
Cross cultural research says East Asian are less likely than westerners to endorse positive illusions about the self
Suggest positive illusions do not automatically enhance well being, only for westerns bc they cherish a sense of self
Self-verification theory
sometimes we strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about ourselves rather than invariably favorable ones
Swann et al, 1987:
Study that found those with negative self-beliefs found negative feedback more accurate, and those with positive self-beliefs found pos feedback more accurate
Self-regulation:
processes by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in pursuit of a goal
Self-discrepancy theory
people hold beliefs about not only what they are actually like but also what they would ideally like to be and what they think they ought to be
actual self vs. ideal self
Your actual self is the self you believe you are, your ideal self represent your hopes and wishes, and your ought self represent your duties and obligation(how you have to be)
promotion focus(focus on attaining pos. outcomes)
When people regulate their behavior with respect to ideal-self standards
prevention focus(focus on avoiding neg. outcomes)
When people regulate their behavior to ought self they have
Marshmallow paradigm
Preschool children left in a room with marshmallow and given 2 options: they can have 1 marshmallow now(small reward) or 2 marshmallow if they wait for experimenter to return 15 mins later(larger reward)
When people pursue a goal with a promotion or prevention focus
the goal is construed in one of two ways-obtaining a pos. Outcome or avoiding a neg.
Higher level construals
focus on abstract/core features,
low-level construal
focus on salient,concrete details
One way to exercise self-control
shifting how you construe the temptations
-Ie: instead of viewing marshmallow as something yummy, you view it as less appealing such as a cloud
Automatic self control strategies
goal intentions and implementation intentions
implementation intentions
which specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances
implementation intentions
specify how one will behave to achieve a goal under particular circumstances
Implementation intentions follow a “if-then” format
Ie:”if its saturday afternoon, then i will work on my paper”
Goffman’s coin of the term face
the public image of ourselves that we want others to have
