Ch 3: Anotmoy Of Nervous System

Question 1

Central nervous system

Answer 1

Brain, spinal cord

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

Located outside skull and spine

Brings info into and out of CNS

Somatic and autonomic

Question 3

Somatic NS

Answer 3

Carry sensory Info to CNS from skin and musculature and contains motor fibers

Afferent neurons: Arrive- sensory info to CNS
Efferent neurons: Exit- sensory info out to muscle and glands

Question 4

Autonomic

Answer 4

Involuntary PNS

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 5

Sympathetic

Answer 5

Fight or flight: prepares body to cope with emergency stress or arousing situation

Question 6

Parasympathetic

Answer 6

Rest and restore

Conserve energy and promote vegetative functions of body

Question 7

CNS structure

Answer 7

Encased in bone and covered by 3 meninges

Question 8

Dura mater

Answer 8

Tough outer layer of CNS meninges

Question 9

Arachnoid membrane

Answer 9

Web like( second layer in CNS meninges)

Question 10

Pia mater

Answer 10

Adheres to CNS surface (thin translucent)

Question 11

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 11

Fluid serves as cushion in CNS

Question 12

Cerebral ventricles

Answer 12

Fluid filled caverns and canals inside brain

Question 13

CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) advantages

Answer 13

1. Buoyancy: reduces momentum and acceleration of brain when displaced
2. Garbage collector: removes waste products from neuronal meta.

Question 14

Hydrocephalus (water head)

Answer 14

Flow of CSF from ventricular system to the subarachnoid. space impaired causing swelling of ventricles

Question 15

Blood brain barrier

Answer 15

Arrangements of endothelial cells: (tightly joins to one another) that form walls of capillaries

Needed because mature brain doesn’t replace most neurons.

Question 16

Functions of B. B. B.

Answer 16

1. Protects brain from foreign substances in blood that may injure brain
2. Protects brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in rest of body
3. Maintains constant environment

Question 17

Neurons

Answer 17

Specialized cells for the reception conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

Question 18

Cell membrane

Answer 18

Lipid bilayer with signal proteins and channel proteins embedded in it

Question 19

Solutions to discovering cells that make up brain

Answer 19

1. Compound microscope
2. mircotome: ability to fix tissue and make thin slices
3. nissl stain: development of stains, color some but not all parts

Question 20

Nissl staining important aspects

Answer 20

1. Distinguishes neurons and glia from one another

2. Study Cytoarchitecture in diff brain areas

Question 21

Golgi stain

Answer 21

Highlighted a small number of neurons in entirely

1. Swalen central region
2. Thin tubes that radiate from cell body called neurites (axons and dendrites)

Question 22

Golgi’s view

Answer 22

Neurites of cells fused together to form network = reticular

Question 23

Cajal’s view

Answer 23

Neurites not continuous but do come in contact. Communicate by contact = neuron doctrine

Question 24

Gilal cells

Answer 24

Forgotten cells, support neurons, outnumber neurons, gilal communication and modulatory

Question 25

Oliogodendrocities

Answer 25

Gilal class Rich in myelin create myelin sheath

Question 26

Schwann cells

Answer 26

Gilal class Similar to myelin but in PNS, guide axonal regeneration

Question 27

Astrocytes

Answer 27

Gilal cells Largest, star shaped, many functions

Question 28

Microglia

Answer 28

Gilal class Response to injury or disease

Question 29

Horizontal plane

Answer 29

A slice parallel to the ground

Question 30

Frontal plane

Answer 30

Slicing bread/ salami

Question 31

Saggital plane

Answer 31

Seperates left and right halves

Question 32

5 major divisions of brain

Answer 32

Telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencepahlon, mylenceohalon

Question 33

Hindbrain

Answer 33

Metencepahlon, mylenceohalon

Question 34

Mylencephalon

Answer 34

Origin of reticular formation, largely of tracts Medulla Medulla oblongata: controls a number of reflexes( heart rate, breathing, vomiting, sneezing)

Question 35

Metencepahlon

Answer 35

Many tracts Pons-ventral surface Cerebellum: sensorimotor coordination and balance may be more active in organizing sensory info that guides Movement Pons: (bridge) many axons cross from one side of brain to to other. Nuclei for several cranial nerves

Question 36

Mesencephalon (midbrain)

Answer 36

Textum: (roof) 2 swelling 1. Superior colliculus: vesicles orienting 2. Inferior colliculus: auditory Tegmentum: periqueductal gray- pain Substancia Nigra- motor movement Ventral tegmental area- reward

Question 37

Substancia Nigra

Answer 37

Parkinson's disease- neurons are dying off ( dopamine degenerating ) To solve give levidopa: gets synthesized into dopamine

Question 38

Forebrain

Answer 38

Diencephalon, telencephalon

Question 39

Diencephalon

Answer 39

Thalamus: several different nuclei. Relay sensory into cerebral cortex Hypothalamus: motivated behaviors, feeding, drinking, sex (below thalamus)

Question 40

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)

Answer 40

Serve to increase surface area Corpus collosum: largest hemisphere- connecting tract Longitudinal fissure: groove that separates right and left hemis.

Question 41

Telencephalon subcortical structures

Answer 41

Limbic system: regulation of motivated behaviors (mammillary bodies, hippocampus, amaygdala, fornix, cingulate, septum) Basal Ganglia: motor system (amaygdala, striatum, globus pallidus) Damage to basal= Parkinson's Allows us to perform movements to obtain rewards