Ch 3: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards
(24 cards)
Single sugar molecules are called ________
Double sugar molecules are called ________
Multiple sugar molecules are called ________
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
What is the ratio of Carbohydrates
CH2O
In the structure of glucose, we can see the trademarks of a sugar: the molecule has a ________ group and multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
Carbonyl - a carbon double bonded to an oxygen
Ketone
A carbonyl group that occurs in the middle of the chain and is usually found in sugars. It is in the form of R-CO-R’. Furthermore, it cannot be oxidized without breaking the carbon chain.
Aldehyde
A carbonyl group that occurs at the end of a chain and is usually found in volatile compounds. They have a form of R-CHO. Furthermore, they are more reactive than ketones and undergo oxidation to form carboxylic acids
The carbon skeleton of a monosaccharide ranges from _ to _ carbons long
3 to 7
In aqueous solutions, glucose and other 5- and 6- carbon sugars form ____, which is the most _____ form of these under physiological conditions.
rings
stable
What 4 elemnts make up most of all living matter?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
What are isomers?
Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different structures which result in diffferent properties.
What are cis-trans isomers?
Isomers which differ in their arrangement of a double bond
Enantiomers
Are mirror images meaning their structure is flipped. They are defined by L-(levo) and D-(dextro).
Thalidomide
It has two isomers that can be intercconverted in the body, and it caused many birth defects 50 years ago.
The FDA has approved the medical admission of thalidomide for which condition?
Multiple myeloma
What other factors aside from arrangement of carbon skeleton are important for determining molecular function
Functional group
(estradiol vs testosterone; the only difference is testosterone has an extra methyl group, and a carbonyl group in place of a hydroxyl group.
Peptide bonds are formed by _______ reactions, which link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next
dehydration
If you had a polypeptide chain 127 amino acids long, how many possible configurations exist?
20^127
What protein accounts for 40% of the protein in the human body?
Collagen - a structural protein found in skin and other connective tissue
Sickle-cell disease
caused by the substitution of valine for the normal one glutamic acid at the position of the 6th amino acid in hemoglobin.
X-ray Crystallography
A method used to see the 3D shape of a protein
intrinsically disordered proteins
proteins that don’t have a specific 3D shape until they reach a target protein or other molecule. This indefinite structure gives them flexibility.
What are all the amino acids?
Lysine Tryptophan Glycine Threonine Aspartic Acid Alanine Leucine Glutamic Acid Proline Histidine Arginine Isoleucine Tyrosine Glutamine Valine Phenylalanine Cysteine Serine Asparagine
What are the 9 essential amino acids?
histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine phenylalanine threonine tryptophan valine
Nucleic Acids
polymers of monomers called nucleotides
Hydrolysis
The process during which a bond between 2 monomers is broken, and it is the opposite of a condensation reaction. An H is added to one monomer and an OH is added to another.
