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anatomy 1 > ch. 3 cellular form and function > Flashcards

ch. 3 cellular form and function Flashcards

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1
Q

inclusions

two kinds of inclusions

A

stored cellular products
* glycogen granules, pigments, fat droplets
foreign bodies
* viruses, intracellular bodies, dust particles, and other debris phagocytized by a cell

never enclosed in a unit membrane
NOT ESSENTIAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL

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2
Q

development of the cell theory 2

cell theory

A

all organisms composed of cells and cell products

cell is the simplest structural and functional unit of life

an organism’s structure and functions are due to activities of cells

cells come only from preexisiting cells

cells of all species exhibit biochemical similarites

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3
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

about how many types of cells in human body with varied shapes

A

200

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4
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

squamous

A

thin, flat, scaly

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5
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

cuboidal

A

squarish looking

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6
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

cuboidal

A

taller than wide

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7
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

polygonal

A

irregulary angular shapes, multiple sides

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8
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

stellate

A

star like

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9
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

spheroid to ovoid

A

round to oval

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10
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

discoid

A

disc shaped

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11
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

fusiform

A

thick in middle tampered towards the ends

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12
Q

cell shapes and sizes 1

fibrous

A

thread-like

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13
Q

cell shapes and sizes 2

human cell size

A

most cells about 10-15 micrometers

ex. egg cells (very large) 100 micrometer diameter

some nerve cells over 1 meter long

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14
Q

cell shapes and sizes 2

human cell size limit on cell size

A

an overly large cell cannot support itself may rupture

for a given increase in diamete, volume increases more than surface area

volume proportional to cube of diameter
surface area proportional to square of diameter

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15
Q

basic components of a cell 2

plasma (cell) membrane

A

surrounds cell
defines boundaries

made of proteins and lipids

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16
Q

basic components of a cell 2

cytoplasm

A

organelles
cytoskeleton
inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
cytosol (ICF, intracellular fluid)

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17
Q

basic components of a cell 2

extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

fluid outside of cells includes tissue (interstitial) fluid

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18
Q

the plasma mebrane 1

plasma membrane

A

border of the cell

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19
Q

the plasma mebrane 1

plasma membrane appears as pair of

A

dark parallel lines when viewed with electron microscope

has intracellular and extracellular faces

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20
Q

the plasma mebrane 1

plasma membrane functions

A

defines cell boundaries

governs interactions with other cells

controls passage of materials in and out of cell

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21
Q

membrane lipids 1

98% of membrane molecules are

A

lipids

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22
Q

membrane lipids 1

phospholipids

A
  • 75% of membrane lipids are phospholipids
  • amphipatic molecules arranged ina bilayer
  • hydrophilic phosphate heads face water on each side of membrane
  • hydrophobic tails-are directed toward the center, avoiding water
  • drift laterally, keeping membrane fluid
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23
Q

membrane lipids 2

cholesterol

A
  • 20% of the membrane lipids
  • holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membrane
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24
Q

membrane lipids 2

glycolipids

A
  • 5% of the membrane lipids
  • phospholipids with short carb chains on extracellular face
  • contributes to glycocalyx-carb coating on cell surface
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25
# membrane proteins 1 membrane proteins
2% of the molcules but 50% of the weight of membrane
26
# membrane proteins 1 integral proteins-penetrate membrane
* transmembrane proteins pass completelt through * hydrophilic regions contact cytoplasm, ECF * hydrophobic regions pass through lipid of the membrane * some drift in membrane, others are anchored to cytoskeleton
27
# membrane proteins 1 peripheral proteins
* adhere to one face of the membrane (do not penetrate it) * usually tethered to the cytoskeleton
28
# membrane proteins 2 functions of membrane proteins include
* receptors * second messenger systems * enzymes * channels * carriers * cell-identity markers * cell-adhesion molecules
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# membrane proteins 3 receptors
bind chemical signals
30
# membrane proteins 3 second messenger systems
communicate within cell receiveing chemical message
31
# membrane proteins 3 enzymes
catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules production of second messagers
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# membrane proteins 3 channel proteins
allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass through membrane some are always open, some are gated * ligand-gated channels-respond to chemical messengers * voltage-gated channels-respond to charge changes * mechanically-gated channels-respond to physical stress on cell CRUCIAL TO NERVE AND MUSCLE FUNCTION
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# membrane proteins 4 carriers
bind solutes and transfer them across membrane * pumps-carriers that consume ATP
34
# membrane proteins 4 cell identity markers
glycoproteins acting as identification tags
35
# membrane proteins 4 cell-adhesion molcules
mechanically link cell to extracellular material
36
# second messengers chemical first messenger (epinephrine) binds to a
surface receptor
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# second messengers receptor activates G protein
an intracellular peripheral protein that gets energy from guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
38
# second messengers G protein relays signal to
adenylate cyclase which converts ATM to cAMP (second messenger)
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# second messengers cAMP activates
cytoplasmic kinases
40
# second messengers kinases add phosphate groups to
other enzymes turning some on and others off
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# second messengers up to 60% of drugs work through
G proteins and second messengers
42
# the glycocalyx fuzzy coat external to
plasma membrane * carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins and glycolipids * unique in everyone but identical twins
43
# the glycocalyx functions
* protection * immunity to infection * defense against cancer devlopment * transplant compatibility * cell adhesion * fertilization * embryonic
44
# microvilli 1 extensions of membrane (1-2 micrometers)
* gives 15-40 times more surface area * best developed in cells specialized in absorption
45
# microvilli 1 on some absorptive cells they are very dense and appear as a fringe
"brush border" some microvilli contain actin filaments that are tugges toward the center of cell to milk absorbed content into cell
46
# cilia 1 cilia
hairlike processes 7-10 micrometers
47
# cilia 1 single, nonmotile primary cilium found on nearly
every cell * "anntenna" for monitoring nearby conditions * helps with balance in inner ear: light detection in retina
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# cilia 1 multiple nonmotile cilia
found on sensory cells of nose
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# cilia 1 ciliopathies
defects in structure and function of cilia
50
# cilia 1 motile cilia
respiratory tract uterine tubes ventricles of brain ducts of testes 50-200 micrometers beat in waves sweeping material across a surface in one diretion power strokes followed by recovery strokes
51
# cilia 2 axonene-core of motile cilium
* has 9+2 structure of microtubules * two central microtubules surrounded by ring of nine pairs * ring of nine pairs anchors cilium to cell as part of basal body * dynein arms "crawl" up adjacent microtubule, bending the cilium uses energy from ATP
52
# cilia 4 cilia beat freely within a saline layer at cell surface
chloride pumps pump into ECF and follow mucus floats on top of saline layer
53
# cystic fibrosis cystic fibrosis
hereditary disease in which cells make chloride pumps but fail to install them in the plasma membrane ## Footnote chloride pumps fail to create adequate saline layer on cell surface
54
# cystic fibrosis thick mucus plugs
pancreatic ducts and respiratory tract * inadequate digestion of nutrients and absorption of oxygen * chronic respiratory infections * life expectanct of 30
55
# flagella tail of a sperm
only functional flagellum in humans
56
# flagella whip-like structure with axoneme identical to cilium's
* much longer than cilium * stiffened by coarse fibers that support the tail
57
# flagella movement is undulating, snake like, corkscrew
no power stroke and recovery strokes
58
# pseudopods 1 pseduopods
continually changing extension of the cells that vary in shape and size can be used for cellular locomotion, capturing foreign particles
59
# membrane transport plamsa membrane is selectively permeable
allowing some things through but preventing others from passing
60
# membrane transport passive mechanisms require no ATP
* random molecular motion of particles provides necessary energy * filtration, diffusion, osmosis
61
# membrane transport active mechanisms consume ATP
active transport and vesicular treatment
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# membrane transport carrier-mediated mechanisms uses a
membrane protein to transport substances across membrane
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# Filtration Filtration
Particles are driven through membrane by physical pressure
64
# Filtration Filtration Ex
Filtration of water and small solutes through gaps in capillary walls * allows delivery of water and nutrients to tissues * allows removal of waste from capillaries in kidneys
65
# Simple Diffusion Simple diffusion
Net movement of particles from a place of HIGH concentration to place of a LOWER concentration * due to constant, spontaneous molecular motion * molecules collide and bounce off each other
66
# simple diffusion Substances diffuse ____ their concentration gradient
Down * does NOT require a membrane * substance can diffuse through a membrane if the membrane is permeable to the substance
67
# simple diffusion factors affecting diffusion rate through a membrane
* temp: temp increases, motion of particles increases * molecular weight: larger molecules move slower * steepness of concentrated gradient: difference increased rate increased * membrane surface area: increased area increased rate * membrane permeability: permiabilty increased rate increased
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# osmosis osmosis
net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane * water moved from the side where it (water) is MORE concentrated to the side where it is LESS concentrated * solute particles that CANNOT pass through the membrane "draw" water from the other side
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# osmosis crucial consideration for
IV fluids
70
# osmosis osmotic imbalances underlie
* diarrhea * constipation * edema
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# osmosis water CAN diffuse through ________ but osmosis is enhanced by ________
phospholipid bilayers aquaporins * channel proteins in membrane specialized for water passage ## Footnote cells can speed osmosid by installing more aquaporins
72
# osmosis osmotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmosis * increases as amount of nonpermeating solute rises
73
# osmosis reverse osmosis
process of applying mechanical pressure to override osmotic pressure * allows purification of water
74
# osmolarity and tonicity one osmole (osm)
takes into account whether solute ionizes in water * 1 M glucose is 1 osm/L * 1 M NaCl is 2 osm/L
75
# osmolarity and tonicity osmolarity
number of osmoles per liter of solution * body fluids contain a mix of many chemicals and osmolarity is the TOTAL osmotic concentration of ALL solutes * blood plasma, tissue fluis, and intracellular fluid are 300 miliiomoles per liter (MOsm/L
76
# osmolarity and tonicity tonicity
ability of a surrounding solution (bath) to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell * depends on concentration of nonpermeating solutes
77
# osmolarity and tonicity hypotonic solution
causes cell to absorb water and swell * has a LOWER concentration of nonpermeating solutes than intracellular fluid (ICF)
78
# osmolarity and tonicity hypertonic solution
causes cell to lose water and shrivel (crenate) * has a HIGHER concentration of nonpermeating solutes than ICF
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# osmolarity and tonicity isotonic solution
causes NO change in cell volume * concentration of nonpermeating solutes in bath and ICF are the SAME * ex. normal saline (0.9% NaCl)
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# effects of tonicity on RBCs hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions affect the
fluid volume of a RBS * causes cell to shrivel and get swollen
81
# carrier-mediated transport transport proteins in membrane carry solutes
into and out of cell (or organelle)
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# carrier-mediated transport specificity
* transport proteins are specific for PARTICULAR solutes * solute (ligand) binds to receptor site on carrier protein * solute is released unchanges on other side of membrane
83
# carrier-mediated transport saturation
* as solute concentration rises the rate of transport RISES but only to a point (transport maximum (Tm) * ## Footnote transport maximum- transport rate at which all carries are occupied
84
# carried-mediated transport 3 kinds of carriers
uniport symport antiport
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# carrier-mediated transport uniport
carries ONE type of solute ex. calcium pump
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# carrier-mediated transport symport
carries TWO or MORE solutes **simultaneously** in same direction (cotransport) ex. sodium-glucose transporters
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# carrier-mediated transport antiport
carries TWO OR MORE solutes in **opposite** direction (countertransport) ex. sodium-potassium pump removes, brings in
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# carrier-mediated transport 3 mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport
facilitated diffusion primary active transport secondary active transport
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# carrier mediated transport facilitated diffusion
carrier moves solute DOWN its concentration gradient * does NOT consume ATP * solute attaches to binding site on carrier, carrier changes conformation, then releases solute on other side of membrane
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# carrier-mediated transport primary active transport
carrier moves solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient * the carrier protein uses ATP for energy * ex. calcium pump (uniport) uses ATP whil expelling calcium from cell to where it is already more concentrated * sodium-potassium pump (antiport) uses ATP while expelling sodium and importing potassium into cell
91
# carrier-mediated transport the sodium-potassium pump (-pump)
* each pump cycyle consumes 1 ATP and exchanges 3 for 2 * keeps concentration higher and concentration lower within the cell than in ECF * necessary because and constantly leak through membrane half of daily calories utilized for - pump
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# carrier-mediated transport - pump functions
* maintains steep concentration gradient allowing for secondary active transport * regulates solute concentration and thus osmosis and thus cell volume * maintains negatively charged resting membrane potential * PRODUCES HEAT
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# carrier-mediated transport secondary active transport
carrier moves solute through membrane but only uses ATP indirectly * ex. sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) (symport) moves glucose into cell while simultansoult carrying sodium down its gradient depends on the primary transport performed by - pump does not itself use ATP ## Footnote SGLTs work in kidney cells that have - pump at other end of cell * prevents loss of glucose to urine
94
# vesicular transport vesicular transport
moves large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles- bubble-like enclosures of membrane
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# vesicular transport endocytosis
vesicular processes that bring material into cell
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# vesicular transport types of endocytosis
phagocytosis pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis
97
# vesicular transport phagocytosis
"cell eating" engulfing large particles * psuedopods, phagosomes, macrophages
98
# vesicular transport pinocytosis
"cell drinking" taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cell * membrane caves in then pinches off pinocytic vesicle
99
# vesicular transport receptor-mediated endocytosis
particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane * clathrin-coated vesicle
100
# vesicular transport exocytosis
discharging material from the cell
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# vesicular transport utilizes motor proteins energized by
ATP
102
# vesicular transport receptor-mediated endocytosis
* more selective endocytosis * enables cells to take in speciffic molecules that bind to extracellular receptors
103
# vesicular transport clathrin-coated vesicle in cytoplasm
uptake of LDL from blood stream
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# vesicular transport transcytosis
* transport of material across the cell by capturing it one one side and releasing it on the other * receptor-mediated endocytosis moves it into the cell and exocytosis moves it out the other side
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# vesicular transport exocytosis
* secreting material * replacement of plasma membrane removed by endocytosis
106
# cytoskeleton cytoskeleton
network of protein filaments and cylinders * determines cell shape, supports structure, organizes cell contents, directs movement of materials within cell, contributes to movements of the cell as a whole ## Footnote composed of: microfilaments, intermediate fibers, microtubules
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# cytoskeleton microfilaments
* 6 nm thick * made of actin protein * forms terminal web
108
# cytoskeleton intermediate filaments
* 8-10 nm thick * within skin cells made of protein keratin * give cell shape, resist stress
109
# cytoskeleton microtubules
* 25 nm thick * consist of protofilaments made of protein tubulin * radiate from centrocome; can come and go * maintain cell shape, hold organelles, act a railroad tracks for walkin motor proteins, makde axonemes of ciliar and flagells, form mitotic spindle
110
# Organelles Internal structures of a cell, carry out
specialized metabolic tasks
111
# organelles Membranous organelles
Nucleus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex
112
# organelles Nonmembranous organelles
Ribosomes, centrosomes, centrioles, basal bodies
113
# the nucleus nucleus
largest organells * most cells have one nucleus * a few cell types are anucler or multinucleate
114
# nucleus nuclear envelope
double membrane around nucleus * perforated by nucler pores formed by prings of proteins regulate molecular traffic through envelope hold the two membrane layers together
115
# nucleus nuclear envelope is supported by
nuclear lamina * web of protein filaments * provides points of attachment for chromatin * helps regualte cell life cycle
116
# nucleus nucleoplasm
material in nucleus * chromatin (thread-like) composed of DNA and protein * nucleoli-- masses where ribocomes are produced
117
# Endoplasmic Reticulum endoplasmic reticulum
system of channels (cisterane) enclosed by membrane
118
# Endoplasmic Reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum
parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes * continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope * produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane * synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell
119
# Endoplasmic Reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum
* lack ribosomes * cisternar more tubular and branching * cisternar thought to be continous with rough ER * synthesizes steroids and other lipids * detoxifies alchol and other drugs * calcium storage
120
# Endoplasmic Reticulum rough and smooth ER are functionally different parts of the same
network
121
# ribosomes ribosomes
small granules of protein and RNA * found in nucleoli, in cytocol and on outer surfaces of rough ER and nuclear envelope ## Footnote they "read" coded genetic messgaes (messenger RNA) and assemble amino acids into proteins specified by the code
122
# golgi complex golgi complex
a system of cisternae that synthesizes carbs and put finishing touches on protein synthesis * receives newly synthesizes protein from rough ER * sorts proteins, splices come, adds carbs moieties to some, and packages them into membrane-bound golgi vesicles ## Footnote * some vesicles become lysosomes * some vesicles migrate to plasma membrane and fuse to is * some become secretory vesicles that store a proteins product for later release
123
# lysosomes lysosomes
package of enzymes bound by a membrane * generally round but variable in shape
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125
# lysosomes functions
* intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbs, phospholipids, and other substances * autophagy: digestion of cell's surplus organelles * autolysis: "cell suicide" digestion of a surplus cell by itself
126
# peroxisomes peroxisomes
resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by endoplasmic reticulum
127
# peroxisomes function is to use molecular oxygent to oxidize
organic molecules * reaction produce hydrogen peroxide * catalase breaks down excess peroxide to * neutralize free radicals, detoxify alchol, other drugs, and a variety of blood-borne toxins * break down fatty acids into acetyl groups for mitochondrial use in ATP synthesis ## Footnote in all cells but abundant in liver and kidney
128
129
# proteasomes proteasomes
hollow, cylindrical organells that disposes of surplus proteins * contain enzymes that break down tagged, targeted proteins into short peptides and amino acids
130
# mitochondria mitochondria
organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP continually change shape from spheroidal to thread-like
131
# mitochondria surrounded by a double membrane
* inner membrane has folds called cristae * spaces between cristae called matrix matrix contains ribosomes, enzymes uses for ATP synthesis, small circular DNA molecule mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
132
# mitochondria "powerhouses" of the cell
energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred to ATP
133
# evolution of mitochondrion Mitochondria evolved from bacteria that invaded another primitive cell, survived in its cytoplasm, and became permanent residents.
– The bacterium provided inner membrane; host cell’s phagosome provided outer membrane – Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble bacterial ribosomes – mtDNA resembles circular DNA of bacteria – mtDNA is inherited through the mother – mtDNA mutates more rapidly than nuclear DNA * Responsible for hereditary diseases affecting tissues with high energy demands
134
# centrioles centriole
a short cynlindrical assembly of microtubles arranges in 9 groupd of 3 microtubules each
135
# centrioles two centrioles lie perpendicular to each other within the
centrosome--small clear area in cell * play important role in cell division
136
# centrioles form basal bodies of cilia and flagella
each basal body is a centriole that originated in centriolar organizing center and then miggrated to the membrane
137
# inclusions two kinds
* stored cellular products * foreign bodies ## Footnote * never enclosed in a unit membrane * not essential for cell survival
138
# inclusions stored cellular products
glycogen granules pigments fat droplets
139
# inclusions foreign bodies
viruses intracellular bacteria dust particles other debris phagocytized by a cell

anatomy 1 (14 decks)

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