Ch. 3 Skeletal System Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Ossification
A
The formation and repair of bone
2
Q
Periosteum
A
Peri - surrounding
Oste -bone
Um - pertaining to
The tough, fibrous tissue that forms outermost covering of the bone
3
Q
Compact bone/ cortical bone
A
Dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer
75% of bone matter
4
Q
Spongy bone/ cancellous bone
A
Porous, spongy, lighter, weaker
Usually in long bones
Containing red bone marrow
5
Q
Medullary cavity
A
CENTRAL cavity within compact bone in long bones
Where red and yellow bone marrow is stored
6
Q
Endosteum
A
End - within
Oste - bone
Um - noun ending
Tissue that lines medullary cavity
7
Q
Red bone marrow
A
Hemopoietic tissue that makes red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and thrombocytes
8
Q
Hemopoietic or hematopoietic
A
Hem/o - blood
Poietic - pertaining to formation
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells
9
Q
Yellow bone marrow
A
Fat, as fat storage, that replaces half red bone marrow from adolescence
10
Q
Cartilage
A
Shock absorber between bones
Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue
11
Q
Articular cartilage
A
Covers surface of bones where they come together or “articulate” to prevent rubbing against eachother and make for smooth movement
12
Q
Menicus
A
Curved, fibrous cartilage in some joints such as the knee and jaw
13
Q
Diaphysis
A
Shaft of a long bone
14
Q
Epiphyses
A
Wider end of long bones covered by articular cartilage
Proximal is nearest to midline and distal is farthest
15
Q
Foramen (pl foramina)
A
Opening in bone which blood vessels, nerves, etc pass through
16
Q
Process
A
A normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle tendon
(Ex. Mastoid process is bony projection located on temporal bones behind ear)
17
Q
Fibrous joints
A
Inflexible layers of dense connective tissue which hold the bones tightly together
In adults these “sutures” do not allow any movement
18
Q
Fontanelles
A
“Soft joints” in skull of newborns that allows for passage through birth canal and for growth
19
Q
Cartilaginous joints
A
Bones connected entirely by cartilage and allow very slight movement
Ex pubic symphysis - allow a lil movement for childbirth
20
Q
Synovial joint
A
Joints where bones allow a variety of motion
21
Q
Bursa
A
Fibrous sac which cushions friction prone areas
22
Q
Axial skeleton
A
Protects organs of nervous, respiratory, and circulatory system
23
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
Make body movement possible and protect digestion, excretion, and reproductive systems
24
Q
Auditory ossicles
A
3 tiny bones in the middle ear, malleus, incus, stapes
25
Sternum
Flat, dagger-shaped bone in middle of chest made of manubrum, body of the sternum, and the xiphoid process (process - made of cartilage)
26
Olecranon process
The funny bone
Large projection on upper end of ulna
27
Pectoral girdle
“shoulder girdle”, Girdle- something that circles the body
Supports that arms
Includes clavicle, scapula, and acromion (extension of scapula, high point of shoulder)
28
Lamina
Posterior portion of the vertebra
Transverse and spinous process extend from here to attach muscles and tendons
29
Intervertebral disks
Made of cartilage, separate and cushion vertebrae from each other to allow movement and act as a shock absorber
30
Types of vertebrae
Cervical - (C1 - C7), form the neck (pertaining to the neck)
Thoracic - (T1 - T12) outward curve, each has ribs attached
Lumbar - (L1 - L5) inward curve, largest and strongest, bear most weight
Sacrum - triangle near base, fuse from 5 to 1
Coccyx - tailbone, fused end
31
Pubic bones
Ilium - big, back and sides
Ischium - bottom loops, sitting bone
Pubis - front
32
Pubic symphysis
Cartilaginous joint that unites left and right pubic bones, allows slight movement
33
Sacroiliac
Sacr/o - sacrum
Ili - ilium
Ac - pertaining to
Slight movable articulation between sacrum and back of ilium
34
Acetabulum
Hip socket, large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis
Articulates with the head and femur to form hip joint
35
Patella
Knee caps
36
Popliteal
Space behind knee where ligament, vessels, and muscles related to the joint are located
37
Cruciate ligaments
Make movements of the knee possible
Cruciate - shaped like a cross
38
Parts of the ankle
Malleolus - Round ends of fibula and tibia on each side of ankle joints
Talus - ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
Calcaneus - heel bone, largest tarsal
39
Podiatrist
POD - foot
Iatrist - specialist
Specializes in diagnosing and treating the foot
40
Rheumatologist
Specializes in diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and other disorders characterized by inflammation of the joints and connective tissues, like osteoporosis and tendinitis
41
Ankylosis
Ankyl - crooked, bent, stiff
Osis - abnormal condition or disease
Loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to a disease, injury, or surgical procedure
42
Adhesive capsulitis
Capsul - little box
Itis - inflammation
“Frozen shoulder” painful ankylosis of shoulder, caused by adhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding it, which makes the joint thicker and tighter
43
Arthrosclerosis
Arthr/o - joints
Sclerosis - abnormal hardening
Stiffness of the joints, especially in elderly
44
Baker’s cyst or popliteal cyst
Fluid filled sac behind the knee, usually triggered by a condition like rheumatoid arthritis signaling production
45
Bursitis
Burs - bursa
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the bursa
46
Chondromalacia
Chondr/o - cartilage
Malacia - abnormal softening
Abnormal softening of the cartilage
47
Costochondritis
Cost/o - rib
Chondr - cartilage
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
48
Hallux valgus
A bunion, an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
(Latin, hallux - big toe, valgus - bent)
49
Hemarthrosis
Hem - blood
Arthr - joint
Osis - abnormal
Blood within the joint, usually due to a joint injury or ppl w clotting disorders
50
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Poly - many
My - muscle
Algia pain
Inflammatory disorder of muscles and joints, characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, hips, and thighs
51
Synovitis
Synov - synovial membrane
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the synovial membrane resulting in swelling and pain of the affected joint, cause by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation by damaged cartilage
52
Subluxation
Partial displacement of a bone from its joint
Luxation - dislocation
53
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Oste/o - bone
Arthr - joint
Itis - inflammation
Wear-and-tear arthritis usually w aging
Degenerative joint disease
54
Osteophytes
Bone spurs
Accompanied by bone hypertrophy in OA
55
Spondylosis
Spondylitis - vertebrae
Osis - abnormal condition
Spinal OA, degenerative, can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
56
Gout
Arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually starting w big toe
Typically warm, red, excruciatingly sensitiven
57
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Chronic autoimmune disorder, joints and some other organs are attacked, becoming swollen, painful, and immobile
58
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Ankylosing- progressive stiffening of joints
Spondylitis - vertebrae
Form of RA primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
59
Herniated disk
Slipped/ruptured disk, breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve root
60
Lumbago
Lumb - lower back
Ago - diseased condition
Lower back pain, pain of lumbar region of the spine
61
Spondylolithesis
Spondyl/o - vertebrae
Listhesis - slipping
Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on vertebra or sacrum below it
62
Spina bifida
Congenital defect when spin canal fail to close completely around spinal cord to protect it
Spina - spine, bifida - split
63
Kyphosis
Kyph - hump
Osis - abnormal condition
Humpback/ dowager’s hump
Abnormal increase in outward curvature of thoracic spine
64
Lordosis
Lord - bent backwards
Osis - abnormal condition
Abnormal increase in inward in forward curvature of lumbar spine
Swayback
65
Scoliosis
Scoli - curved
Osis - abnormal condition
Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
66
Avascular necrosis
A - without
Vascul - blood vessels
Ar - pertaining to
Necrosis - tissue death
Area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, usually hip
67
Craniostenosis
Crani/o - skull
Stenosis - abnormal narrowing
Malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the cranial sutures
68
Osteitis / ostitis
Oste - bone
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of a bone
69
Osteomalacia
Oste/o - bone
Malacia - abnormal softening
Abnormal softening of adult bones, aka adult rickets, from vitamin d, calcium, or phosphate deficiencies
70
Ostemyelitis
Osteo - bone
Myel - bone marrow
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the bone marrow or adjacent bone,
Bacterial infection spread to bone by blood
71
Paget’s disease
Chronic bone disease of unknown cause charecterized by abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in pelvis, skull, spine , and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation
72
Periostitis
Peri- surrounding
Ost - bone
Itis - inflammation
Inflammation of the periosteum, associated with shin splints
73
Rickets
Deficiency disease in children, characterized by defective bone growth from lack of vitamin D necessary to maintain Ca and P
74
Short stature
Dwarfism, failure of bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk
Adult <4’10
75
Talipes
Clubfoot, any congenital deformity of foot involving talus (ankle bones)
76
Bone tumors
Primary bone cancer - rare, malignant, originates in a bone
Secondary - tumors that have spread to bone from other organs
77
Osteoporosis
Oste/o - bone
Por - small opening
Osis - abnormal condition
Loss of bone density and increase in bone porosity, associated with aging
78
Osteopenia
Oste/o - bone
Penia - deficiency
Thinner than average bone density
Greater chance of osteoporosis
79
Compression fracture
Vertebral crush fracture
When bone is pressed together on itself
From spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or injury
80
Colles’ fracture
Fractured wrist, caused when person tries to stop a fall
81
Osteoporotic hip fracture
Broken hip, spontaneously or from a fall
82
Closed fracture
Simple or complete fracture
Bone broken, no open wound
83
Open fracture
Compound fracture
Bone broken + open wound
84
Comminuted fracture
Bone splintered or CRUSHED
85
Greenstick fracture
Incomplete fracture
Bone bent or partially broken
Primarily in kids
86
Oblique fracture
Occurs at an angle across the bone
87
Pathological fracture
Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
88
Spiral fracture
Fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
89
Stress fracture
Overuse injury
Small crack in the bone from chronic excessive overuse
90
Fat embolus
Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
Embolus - any foreign matter circulating in blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel
91
Crepitation/crepitus
Grating sound heard when ends of broken bone move together
Unusual crackling, popping, or clicking, or a sensation within the body
92
Callus
A bulging deposit around the are formed as the bone heals
This tissue eventually becomes the bone
93
Arthroscopy
Visual examination of the internal structure of the joint, using and arthroscope
94
Bone marrow biopsy
Diagnostic test, may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
95
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of a complex joint. Not the best at imaging bone
96
Ultrasonic bone density testing
Sound waves take measurement of density through heel
97
Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
Low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density, more accurate
98
Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
Can treat cancers affecting bone marrow,
Cancer cells and bone marrow destroyed through chemo and radiation, then bone marrow stem cells transfused into recipients blood and migrate to spongy bone
99
Allogenic BMT
Bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, usually sibling
High risk of rejecting if not perfect match
Allogenic - originating from another
100
Autologous BTM
Patient receives their own bone marrow cells, harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored
Autologous - originating from within
101
Orthotic device
Mechanical appliance specially designed to control, correct, or compensate and impaired limb function
Ex shoe insert, splint, brace
102
Arthrodesis
Arth/o - joint
Desis - to bind/ tie together
Surgical ankylosis, surgical fusion of 2 bones to stiffen a joint to treat severe damage
103
Arthrolysis
Arth/o - joint
Lysis - loosening of setting free
Surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
104
Arthoscopic surgery
Minimally invasive for interior of joint, arthroscope remove torn cartilage
105
Chondroplasty
Chondr/o - cartilage
Plasty - surgical repair
Surgical repair of damaged cartilage
106
Synovectomy
Synov - synovial membrane
Ectomy -surgical removal of
Surgical removal of synovial membrane from a joint
107
Arthroplasty
Surgical PLACEMENT of an artificial joint
108
Revision surgery
Replacement of a failed or worn replacement
109
Percutaneous diskectomy
Treats a herniated intervertebral disk, thin tube inserted through skin to suction out ruptured disk or vaporize it with a laser
Percutaneous - preformed through skin
110
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
Bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures w/in spinal column
111
Laminectomy
Surgical removal of the laminate or posterior portion of the vertebra
112
Spinal fusion
Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together 2 or more vertebrae
113
Craniectomy
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull
To treat craniostenosis or relieve increased intracranial pressure due to brain swelling
114
Craniotomy
Surgical incision or opening into the skull
To gain access to brain for surgery or relieve pressure
115
Osteoclasis
Oste/o - bone
Clasis - to break
Surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
116
Periosteotomy
Peri- surrounding
Oste/o - bone
Surgical incision through periosteum of bone
117
Closed reduction
Manipulation, attempt realignment of bone manually applied force and immobilization(stabilization)
118
Traction
A pulling force excerpted on a limb in a distal direction to return bone/joint to normal alignment
119
External fixation
Fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through soft tissue and bone while healing to hold firmly in place
120
Internal fixation
Open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) plate or pins place directly into bones to hold broken pieces in place
