Ch. 3 Study Guide Neoplasms Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
neoplasm =
A
new growth
2
Q
A tumor is . . .
A
- swelling or neoplasm
- benign or malignant
3
Q
Leukemia is . . .
A
malignant disease of bone marrow with an increase in WBCs.
4
Q
A hematoma is a . . .
A
blood tumor, not cancerous.
5
Q
Neoplasms are classified 2 ways . . .
A
- according to appearance & growth
- tissue of origin.
6
Q
Appearance and growth is either . . .
A
benign or malignant.
7
Q
Benign tumors are . . .
A
- confined
- will not spread
- noncancerous
8
Q
Malignant tumors . . .
A
- metastasize to other areas
- cancerous
9
Q
Tissue of origin means . . .
A
named according to where the tumor is found,
10
Q
Lipoma is . . .
A
a fatty tumor.
11
Q
A neuroma is . . .
A
a nerve tumor.
Ex: Morton’s neuroma - benign.
12
Q
Epithelial tissue - benign tumor of a gland - _______, malignant neoplasm of skin/epithelial tissues = _______.
A
- adenoma
- carcinoma
13
Q
Connective tissue (bone, muscle, fat) - benign tumor of bone = _______; malignant neoplasm = _______
A
- osteoma
- osteosarcoma
14
Q
_______ - neoplasm from connective tissue (spread quickly, highly malignant).
A
Sarcoma
15
Q
Lymphatic/Blood-forming tissues - lymphomas =
A
malignant neoplasms
16
Q
All leukemias and lymphomas are . . .
A
malignant.
17
Q
Normal cell growth and function are regulated by what 3 factors:
A
- genes
- contact w/other cells (2 normal cells contact each other and transmit a signal to stop growing.)
- growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting substances - when they stop growing, they perform their specific functions (they differentiate into their specializations.)
18
Q
Benign neoplasm growth specifics (7):
A
- they might retain some normal structure/function
- usually encapsulated
- easy to remove
- slower growing than malignant neoplasms
- can push on nerve endings causing pain, loss of sensation/movement
- could cause over/under hormone secretion
- brain tumor could cause death even though benign
19
Q
Malignant neoplasm (cancer) growth specifics (8):
A
- growth pattern is uncontrollable/has no purpose
- does not have normal structure/function
- structure is haphazard and inconsistent
- no differentiation/no specialized function
- not encapsulated
- crab-like in appearance/claw-like extensions invading surrounding tissue
- metastasizes to distant sites
- angiogenesis occurs
20
Q
Angiogenesis occurs to increase blood flow because of what growth?
A
cancer; malignant neoplasm
21
Q
Angiogenesis causes normal cells to be deprived of nutrients and causes . . .
A
cachexia
22
Q
Cachexia is . . .
A
when a person loses weight and appears frail and weak.
23
Q
Hyperplasia is . . .
A
too much growth.
24
Q
Neoplasm is . . .
A
new growth (abnormal cells).
25
Hyperplasia and neoplasm both produce . . .
masses.
26
Hyperplasia characteristics (3):
- usually occurs in stimulus
- when stimuli are removed, tissue goes back to normal (callus)
- too much/too little hormone can cause hyperplasia (goiter and BPH)
27
Neoplasms = increase in # of _______ cells.
abnormal
| Ex. leiomyoma (uterine fibroids)
28
Mutations cause . . .
cancer.
29
Genetic mutation is caused by a _______ (HPV), _______ (benzene), or _______ (x-rays).
These are all cancer-causing substances or . . .
virus, chemical, radiation
- carcinogens
30
Our immune system can revert mutated cells back to normal. T/F
True
31
Precancerous cells cannot be removed surgically to prevent the progression to cancer cells. T/F
False
32
Dysplasia =
abnormal cells (cervical dysplasia).
33
Carcinoma in situ . . .
where the abnormal cells begin to develop.
| Ex. carcinoma in situ of the cervix (found on Pap). Cancer can be eliminated at this stage by surgery.
34
Local invasion =
developing roots.
35
Growth causes _______ blood supply leading to weakening of _______.
- decreased
| - tissue or necrosis
36
Once cancer metastasizes, it is spread through . . .
the blood or the lymph.
37
Lymph metastasizes _______.
carcinomas
38
Since lymph nodes filter cancer cells, they are . . .
usually removed surgically.
39
Lymph nodes near the tumor site . . .
filter cancer cells.
40
When too many cancer cells are present, and the lymph node is full, they are unable to . . .
filter more cells.
41
When the lymph nodes are full and unable to filter more cells, the unfiltered cells . . .
spill into the bloodstream.
42
Surgical cure is better with lymph node involvement. T/F
False
43
Malignant cancers:
Epithelial =
Connective =
and . . .
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Leukemias
(Figure 3-2)
44
Sarcomas metastasize through . . .
the bloodstream.
45
Common sites of bloodstream metastasis are:
liver, lungs, and brain
46
With bloodstream metastasis, the secondary cancer site is . . .
usually discovered first.
47
Cavity metastasis means it is . . .
within a serous cavity (watery)
| pleural or peritoneal cavity
48
Grading of cancer determines the degree of _______.
abnormality I - IV
| with microscopic exam of tumor
49
Staging of cancer determines the degree of _______
extent of spread I - IV
50
Differentiated =
looks like tissue of origin
51
Undifferentiated =
anaplastic or abnormal compared to tissue of origin
| highly malignant - poor prognosis
52
Grade I is _______ aggressive/severe.
less
53
Grade IV is _______ aggressive/severe.
most
| Ex. Gleason's score for prostate cancer
54
The extent of the spread of cancer is expressed by . . .
staging I - IV.
55
Cancer stage is determined in what 4 ways:
- examination
- x-rays
- biopsy
- surgery
56
The stage is notated by roman numerals _______ or by _______.
I - IV
| TNM
57
TNM is . . .
```
T = tumor (size and extent)
N = node (involvement)
M = metastasized (to other sites)
```
58
Grading and staging are predictors of prognosis, but _______ is a better indicator.
staging
59
Carcinogenesis =
cancer development
60
What are the 8 causes of cancer development?
- chemicals
- hormones
- radiation
- viruses
- genetic disposition
- drugs/alcohol
- diet
- sexual behavior
61
The chemicals primarily involved in cancer causation are _______ (environmental) and _______ (food/drinks).
- asbestos
| - benzene, aspartame
62
What hormones are linked to cancer?
estrogen and testosterone
63
In what ways is radiation linked to cancer?
- x-rays
- sun
- CT scan
- tanning beds
64
What viruses have been linked to cancer?
HPV (human papillomavirus) - cervical cancer
EBV (Epstein-Barr) - mono - Burkitt's lymphoma
Hepatitis B - liver cancer
65
What 2 types of cancer have a genetic predisposition?
colon and breast
66
People who smoke and consume large amounts of alcohol could have cancer . . .
in the lungs, mouth, throat, and esophagus.
67
Regarding our diets:
Fruit/Vegetables are our organic _______
High fat intake = endometrial, _______, _______ cancer
Saccharin = _______ cancer
Nitrates (meat preservatives) = _______ cancer
- medicines
- breast, colon
- bladder
- stomach
68
Sexual behavior can contribute to cervical cancer in what manner?
HPV
69
What are the 3 most deadly types of cancer?
lung, breast, and colon
70
Cancer prevention =
```
lifestyle changes
(smoking/diet/UV exposure/exercise)
```
71
More than a _______ people a year are stricken with cancer.
million
72
Cancer causes more than _______ of the deaths in the US.
half
73
One out of _______ deaths is due to cancer.
four
74
Prognosis usually depends upon _______ rate, even of _______, when discovered, effectiveness of current _______.
- metastatic
- spread
- treatment
75
The survival rate for cancer is approximately . . .
50%.
76
What are the 2 most common types of cancer?
Basal and squamous cell carcinoma (seldom fatal)
77
Routine screening includes what tests?
- Pap
- mammograms
- colonoscopies
- occult blood stool
78
The cancer warning signs: (CAUTION)
C - change in bowel/bladder habits
A - a sore that does not heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump in breast/elsewhere
I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - obvious change in wart/mole
N - nagging cough/hoarseness
79
Once discovered what tests can gain more info on the size and location of a tumor?
- computed tomography (CT)
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI
- positron emission tomography (PET)
80
Diagnosis can be made in what 3 ways?
- cytology
- aspiration biopsy
- needle biopsy
81
Cytology is . . .
microscopic examination of cell.
82
Aspiration biopsy is . . .
a needle attached to suction that removes a small piece of the tumor.
83
Needle biopsy is . . .
a needle punching through the tumor. If the needle is small it's called a fine needle biopsy)
84
Endoscopy can be any type of scope; bronchoscope, gastroscope, colonoscope. Then _______ is performed.
surgical biopsy
85
What is a frozen section?
A pathologist can make a rapid diagnosis of whether a tumor is benign or malignant.
86
Is pain usually an early symptom of cancer?
No, except for ovarian cancer.
87
A tumor can cause an obstruction in the _______ or _______.
- bronchus
| - intestines
88
An ulceration/bleeding could cause acute or chronic blood loss or anemia. _______ test can detect hidden blood loss in feces.
Hemoccult
89
- Common with malignant neoplasms
| - Decrease in RBC production or hemorrhage
Anemia
90
What contributes to pathologic fractures?
- tumor invaded bone and caused weakness
| - primary or secondary with lung, breast, or prostate cancer readily spreading to bone
91
What contributes to cancer-related infection?
- tumor ulceration or caused from chemo impairing WBCs, or radiation affecting red bone marrow causing decreased WBC production
92
What are the 3 types of cancer treatment?
- curative - treatment aimed at a cure
- palliative - relieve symptoms
- preventative - prevention
93
Surgery is considered curative for _______, palliative for _______, and preventative for _______.
- curative for tumor removal
- palliative as intestinal obstruction, bleeding, or perforation
- preventative as colon polypectomy or prophylactic mastectomy
94
Chemotherapy can be combined with _______, effective at treating _______, can affect our normal cells found in the _______, can cause nausea, vomiting, hair loss, anemia, and _______.
- surgery and radiation therapy.
- rapidly growing cells.
- epithelium, hair, bone marrow
- impaired immunity.
95
Radiation treatment of residual tumor postop or tumors not surgically _______, palliative radiation can shrink tumor to _______, can be external with direct radiation or internal using _______ that are implanted in the body, both disrupt ______ and interferes with cell _______ and _______, goal to destroy tumor without _______, can also cause nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and _______.
- accessible or operable
- relieve discomfort
- radioisotope beads, seeds, or ribbons
- DNA,
- growth
- replication
- affecting normal tissue
- impaired immunity
96
Hormone therapy can cause regression of tumor in _______, used as _______ treatment for metastatic tumors.
- breast/prostate
| - palliative
