Ch. 4 Study Guide Inflammation and Infection Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Defense mechanisms can be _______ or _______.
A
nonspecific or specific
2
Q
Nonspecific - 1st . . .
A
- physical or surface barrier
- skin is the first line of defense
- more than 650,000 microorganisms normal flora psi
- sebaceous glands and sudoriferous glands secrete antibacterial acids and enzymes
- mucous membranes trap invaders
3
Q
Nonspecific - 2nd . . .
A
- inflammation (WBCs)
- isolate invader
- destroy it
- clean up debris
= equals promoting healing
4
Q
Specific - 3rd . . .
A
- immune response
- antigens (protein or saccharide markers) on cell membranes
- antigens cause an immune response when foreign, causing the body to produce antibodies against it
- immune cells will “remember” the antigen next time, and prevent illness with the new antibodies
5
Q
Inflammation is a beneficial and . . .
A
protective mechanism.
6
Q
Occurs only in . . .
A
tissue with a blood supply.
7
Q
Inflammation is caused by . . .
A
trauma
physical injury, microorganisms, ischemia, freezing, burning, electrocution, radiation, chemical irritation
8
Q
Inflammation is useful in autopsies because . . .
A
inflammation means that trauma occurred before death.
9
Q
Mast cells (basophils that migrate out of blood cells) secrete . . .
A
histamine.
10
Q
Inflammation causes blood vessels to dilate =
A
increased blood flow (hyperemia) = redness & heat
11
Q
WBCs flood the area - which type is first?
A
neutrophils or polymorphonuclear cells
12
Q
Neutrophils line endothelium awaiting . . .
A
migration/phagocytosis
13
Q
Histamine causes leaky blood vessels = blood fluid leakage - _______ this causes edema/swelling = _______.
A
exudates
inflammation.
14
Q
Diapedesis - _______ _______ delivers millions of neutrophils to the area within a few hours.
A
neutrophil movement
15
Q
Inflammation causes increased pressure on nerves =
A
pain.
16
Q
Name the 5 signs of inflammation:
A
- heat
- swelling
- redness
- pain
- loss of function
17
Q
What draws neutrophils to the site?
A
chemotaxis (chemical taxi cab)
18
Q
Chemicals detected through chemoreceptors on neutrophil’s membrane are released by . . .
A
- bacteria
- injured tissue or
- plasma proteins
19
Q
Chemoreceptors draw neutrophils to highest . . .
A
chemical concentration.
20
Q
Phagocytosis occurs, neutrophils have . . .
A
short life span - exudate is made up of dead neutrophils/blood fluid = pus
21
Q
3=4 days after inflammation - _______ move in
A
macrophages (monocytes) the clean-up crew
22
Q
Macrophages are slow-moving but have more killing power than
A
neutrophils.
23
Q
After 7-10 days, if invader still persists, . . .
A
lymphocytes move in.
24
Q
Lymphocytes are:
A
- 3rd line of defense
- slow but powerful
- specific killers (specific immune response)
25
Specific immunity identifies the enemy . . .
- makes antibody to kill it
| - remembers the enemy for later
26
Chronic inflammation is how long?
2 weeks or longer.
27
If neutrophils and macrophages are unsuccessful that makes the situation . . .
chronic.
28
In a microscopic exam chronic inflammation, there is an increase in . . .
macrophages and fewer neutrophils.
29
If macrophages cannot control the inflammation, the body produces . . .
granulomas (macrophages and collagen and possibly calcium deposits)
30
Inflammation protects the surrounding area . . .
to allow healing to begin.
31
The body walls off material . . .
to protect adjacent tissue.
32
Can become hardened with fibrous tissue . . .
and last a lifetime.
33
What are the 3 types of exudates?
- serous
- fibrinous
- purulent
34
Serous exudates (5):
- clear
- serum-like with small amounts of protein
- lesser degree of damage
- appears in the acute stage of inflammation
Ex. blisters, cold sores, injured joints
- easily reabsorbed after inflammation is halted
35
Fibrinous exudates (3):
- fluid and a large amount of fibrinogen
- leakage of fibrinogen indicates a larger injury with more severe inflammation
Ex. strep throat or pneumonia - forming a mesh-like lesion
- scabs are a dried fibrinous exudate
36
Purulent exudates:
- loaded with dead/dying neutrophils, tissue debris, and pyogenic bacteria
37
purulent exudate =
pus
38
localized collection of pus =
abscess
39
accumulation of pus in a body cavity =
empyema
40
pus in chest or throacic cavity =
thoracic empyema
41
A broad term that means wounds, ulcers, blisters, tumors . . .
lesion (abnormal tissue)
42
Inflammation of connective tissue . . .
cellulitis
43
An abscess is usually _______ or _______ bacteria that is pyogenic.
- streptococcal
| - staphylococcal
44
An example of a wall being built around the infection is . . .
boil, furuncle, pimple
45
Once the area is walled off, puncturing the abscess . . .
will help healing.
46
Small abscesses might erupt on their own, however, a larger abscess could need . . .
I & D - incision and drainage
47
Draining heals the abscess quicker. Without drainage, the body . . .
continues to battle the organism.
48
If a large abscess ruptures, it forms a tract to the outside of the body called . . .
a sinus or a fistula
49
When tissue becomes necrotic and sloughs off leaving a crater . . .
it becomes an ulcer
50
Ulcers are common in . . .
the stomach (gastric/peptic ulcers)
51
What causes gastric/stomach ulcers?
H. pylori bacteria
52
Bedsores or decubitus ulcers appear over . . .
bony prominences like the heel, sacrum, hip, elbow, and scapula
53
Cellulitis =
- inflammation of connective tissue
(edema and redness)
- usually caused by strep or staph infection and is due to the body's inability to wall off the infection
- potentially dangerous but can be treated with antibiotics
54
Responsible for final cleanup . . .
macrophages
55
The repair of tissue depends upon _______ _______ and the type of cells that make up the tissue.
cellular regeneration
56
What are the 3 types of cellular proliferation?
- mitotic cells
- facultative mitotic cells
- nondividing cells
57
Mitotic cells are . . .
constantly dividing. (skin & mucosa)
58
Facultative mitotic cells are not constantly dividing, but can be . . .
triggered to divide. (liver & kidney)
59
Nondividing cells - no division (central nerves, brain cells, heart muscle cells) repair is by . . .
fibrous scarring.
60
Two basic methods of repair:
- regeneration
- CT tissue repair or scar formation
* *Regeneration leads to normal functioning cells, CT repair does not.
61
What are the 2 categories of tissue healing?
- primary union
| - secondary union
62
The category is determined by whether the wound edges are . . .
approximated or left separate during healing.
63
Primary union:
- approximating edges of a wound
Ex: clean surgical incision
- wound edges are clean, minimal damage, approximated with sutures, stapled, taped, or glued
64
Steps in primary union wound healing:
1. incisional line quickly fills with serum forming a scab
2. New capillaries bridge the gap between wound edges 1-2 days
3. Fibroblasts grow across deeper wound layers, deposit collagen = granulation tissue
4. Collagen contracts, pulling wound edges together forming a scar.
* Deeper layers of incision might not heal for a month or more.
* Shrinks in size over a month to years.
65
Secondary union:
Same process as primary except more tissue damage and inflammation.
66
In order to speed healing, dirty wounds must be . . .
cleaned or debrided.
67
Debridement is . . .
washing or cutting away necrotic tissue.
68
Name the 8 factors to promote healing:
- age of an individual
- size of wound
- location of the wound
- nutrition of an individual
- immobility of the wound area
- circulation of the wound area
- organism virulence (infectious)
- steroids (inhibit the inflammatory response giving the invading offender the upper hand)
69
A wound dehiscence occurs when . . .
the scar separates.
70
An abnormally large scar is a . . .
keloid.
71
Scar tissue that joins organs is . . .
an adhesion.
72
Good bacteria in the body =
normal flora.
73
_______ causes disease
pathogenic bacteria (bad bacteria)
74
Opportunistic bacteria is when . . .
normal flora becomes pathogenic.
75
Where does the normal flora (opportunistic bacteria) enter the body?
EENT, cut
76
Opportunistic bacteria - enough numbers to survive
can produce toxin that injures tissue
77
Opportunistic bacteria - able to overcome defenses of individual -
the health of immune system
78
Name the 6 microorganisms that cause infections.
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- rickettsiae
- protozoa
- helminths
79
Bacteria are . . .
constantly multiplying.
80
Viruses are tiny, must be seen with _______, cannot reproduce or live outside _______ - uses host cells to reproduce their genetic material.
- electron microscope
| - outside of a host
81
Immunizations are given to prevent some . . .
viral infections.
| Ex. MMR (measles, mumps, rubella, smallpox)
82
Fungi are . . .
- plant-like
- cause diseases like mycoses
- larger than bacteria
- some are pathogenic
83
Single-celled fungi . . .
yeast
Ex. candida Albicans - thrush and tinea pedis - Athlete's foot
- treated with antifungal and antibiotics but hard to cure
84
Rickettsiae - intermediate between bacteria and virus -
needs cell host - spread by fleas, ticks, mites, and lice (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
85
Protozoa - single-celled - found in soil and on dead/decaying material - infection
by ingesting spores or by insect bite - malaria - giardiasis
| treated with antibiotics
86
Helminths- roundworms, flatworms -
pinworms, tapeworms
| undercooked meat
87
Symptoms of infection:
- tachycardia (fast heartbeat)
- malaise (ill feeling)
- leukocytosis (increased WBC)
- septicemia (pathogen in the blood)
88
Cultures are done . . .
to grow out microorganism.
89
C and S is . . .
culture and sensitivity to grow out in petri dish and use antibiotics to test for sensitivity to find which antibiotic will be effective.
