ch 31 medication administration

Question 1

Shaped like capsule and coated for ease of swallowing

Answer 1

Caplet (Solid Forms)

Question 2

Medication encased in gelatin shell

Answer 2

Capsule(Solid Forms)

Question 3

Powdered medication compressed into hard disk or cylinder; in addition to primary medication, contains binders (adhesive to allow powder to stick together), disintegrators (to promote tablet dissolution), lubricants (for ease of manufacturing), and fillers (for convenient tablet size)

Answer 3

tablet(Solid Forms)

Question 4

Coated tablet that does not dissolve in stomach; coatings dissolve in intestine, where medication is absorbed

Answer 4

Enteric-coated tablet(Solid Forms)

Question 5

Clear fluid containing water and/or alcohol; often sweetened

Answer 5

Elixir (Liquid Forms)

Question 6

Syrup or dried form of pharmacologically active medication, usually made by evaporating solution

Answer 6

Extract(Liquid Forms)

Question 7

Substance dissolved in water and syrups

Answer 7

Aqueous solution(Liquid Forms)

Question 8

Finely dissolved medication particles dispersed in liquid medium; when suspension is left standing, particles settle to bottom of container

Answer 8

Aqueous suspension(Liquid Forms)

Question 9

Medication dissolved in a concentrated sugar solution

Answer 9

Syrup(Liquid Forms)

Question 10

Alcohol extract from plant or vegetable

Answer 10

Tincture(Liquid Forms)

Question 11

Flat, round tablets that dissolve in mouth to release medication; not meant for ingestion

Answer 11

Troche (lozenge)

Oral Forms and Terms Associated with Oral Preparations

Question 12

Aqueous medication sprayed and absorbed in mouth and upper airway; not meant for ingestion

Answer 12

Aerosol

Question 13

Tablet or capsule that contains small particles of a medication coated with material that requires a varying amount of time to dissolve

Answer 13

Sustained release

Question 14

Semisolid, externally applied preparation, usually containing one or more medications

Answer 14

Ointment (salve or cream)Topical Route

Question 15

Usually contains alcohol, oil, or soapy emollient applied to skin

Answer 15

Liniment

Question 16

medication pharmacokinetics, a patient’s health history, physical examination data, and knowledge gained through daily patient interactions

Answer 16

Safe medication administration requires

Question 17

excrete lipid-soluble medications

Answer 17

exocrine glands

Question 18

are the main organs for medication excretion

Answer 18

kidneys

Question 19

is the expected or predicted physiological response caused by a medication

Answer 19

therapeutic effect

Question 20

reduces cardiac workload and increases myocardial oxygen supply

Answer 20

nitroglycerin

Question 21

, a steroid, decreases swelling, inhibits inflammation, reduces allergic responses, and prevents rejection of transplanted organs.

Answer 21

prednisone

Question 22

very young and older adults, pregnant women, patients taking multiple medications, patients who are extremely underweight or overweight, and patients with renal or liver disease.

Answer 22

risk for adverse medication reactions

Question 23

,an opioid antagonist, reverses the effects of opioid toxicity.

Answer 23

naloxone

Question 24

not to chew or swallow the medication or to take any liquids with it. A buccal medication acts locally on the mucosa or systemically as it is swallowed in a person’s saliva

Answer 24

buccal route

Question 25

Semiliquid suspension that usually protects, cools, or cleanses skin

Answer 25

Lotion (Topical Route)

Question 26

Medication preparation that is thicker than ointment; absorbed through skin more slowly than ointment; often used for skin protection

Answer 26

Paste(Topical Route)

Question 27

Medicated disk or patch absorbed through skin slowly over long period of time (e.g., 24 hours)

Answer 27

Transdermal disk or patch(Topical Route)

Question 28

Sterile preparation that contains water with one or more dissolved compounds

Answer 28

Solution( Parenteral Route)

Question 29

Sterile particles of medication that are dissolved in a sterile liquid (e.g., water, normal saline) before administration

Answer 29

Powder( Parenteral Route)

Question 30

Small, flexible oval (similar to contact lens) consisting of two soft, outer layers and a middle layer containing medication; slowly releases medication when moistened by ocular fluid

Answer 30

Intraocular disk(Body Cavities)

Question 31

Solid dosage form mixed with gelatin and shaped in form of pellet for insertion into body cavity (rectum or vagina); melts when it reaches body temperature, releasing medication for absorption

Answer 31

Suppository(Body Cavities)

Question 32

Raised, irregularly shaped skin eruptions with varying sizes and shapes; eruptions have reddened margins and pale centers

Answer 32

Urticaria (hives) /Mild Allergic Reactions

Question 33

Small, raised vesicles that are usually reddened; often distributed over entire body

Answer 33

Rash/Mild Allergic Reactions

Question 34

Itching of skin; accompanies most rashes

Answer 34

Pruritus/Mild Allergic Reactions

Question 35

Inflammation of mucous membranes lining nose; causes swelling and clear, watery discharge

Answer 35

Rhinitis/Mild Allergic Reactions

Question 36

Period of time it takes after you administer a medication for it to produce a therapeutic effect

Answer 36

Onset of medication action:

Question 37

Time it takes for a medication to reach its highest effective peak concentration

Answer 37

Peak action:

Question 38

: Minimum blood serum concentration of medication reached just before the next scheduled dose

Answer 38

Trough

Question 39

Length of time during which a medication is present in a concentration great enough to produce a therapeutic effect

Answer 39

Duration of action:

Question 40

Blood serum concentration reached and maintained after repeated, fixed doses

Answer 40

Plateau:

Question 41

AC, ac

Answer 41

Before meals

Question 42

ad lib

Answer 42

As desired

Question 43

BID, bid

Answer 43

Twice each day

Question 44

PC, pc

Answer 44

After meals

Question 45

prn

Answer 45

Whenever there is a need

Question 46

q am

Answer 46

Every morning, every AM

Question 47

qh

Answer 47

Every hour

Question 48

Daily

Answer 48

Every day

Question 49

q4h

Answer 49

Every 4 hours

Question 50

QID, qid

Answer 50

4 times per day

Question 51

STAT, stat

Answer 51

Give immediately

Question 52

TID, tid

Answer 52

3 times per day

Question 53

``` Convenient and comfortable Economical Easy to administer Often produce local or systemic effects Rarely cause anxiety for patient ```

Answer 53

Oral, Buccal, Sublingual Routes

Question 54

Oral route is avoided when patient has alterations in gastrointestinal (GI) function (e.g., nausea, vomiting), reduced GI motility (after general anesthesia or bowel inflammation), and surgical resection of the GI tract. Oral administration is contraindicated in patients unable to swallow (e.g., patients with neuromuscular disorders, esophageal strictures, mouth lesions). Oral administration is contraindicated in patients who are unconscious, confused, or unable or unwilling to swallow or hold medication under tongue. Oral medications cannot be administered when patients have gastric suction; are contraindicated before some tests or surgery. Oral medications sometimes irritate lining of GI tract, discolor teeth, or have unpleasant taste. Gastric secretions destroy some medications.

Answer 54

Oral, Buccal, Sublingual Routes/ disadvantage

Question 55

when oral medications are contraindicated More rapid absorption than with topical or oral routes Intravenous (IV) infusion provides medication delivery when patient is critically ill or long-term therapy is necessary; if peripheral perfusion is poor, IV route preferred over injections

Answer 55

Parenteral Routes (Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intravenous, Intradermal)

Question 56

There is risk of introducing infection. Some medications are expensive. Some patients experience pain from repeated needlesticks. Subcutaneous, intramuscular (IM), and intradermal (ID) routes are avoided in patients with bleeding tendencies. There is risk of tissue damage. IM and IV routes have higher absorption rates, thus placing patient at higher risk for reactions. They often cause considerable anxiety in many patients, especially children.

Answer 56

Parenteral Routes (Subcutaneous, Intramuscular, Intravenous, Intradermal) disadvantage

Question 57

Primarily provides local effect Painless Limited side effects

Answer 57

Skin (Topical Routes)

Question 58

Patients with skin abrasions are at risk for rapid medication absorption and systemic effects. Medications are absorbed through skin slowly.

Answer 58

Skin (Topical Routes)

Question 59

Prolonged systemic effects with limited side effects

Answer 59

Transdermal(Topical Routes)

Question 60

Medication leaves oily or pasty substance on skin and sometimes soils clothing

Answer 60

Transdermal(Topical Routes) disadvantage

Question 61

Therapeutic effects provided by local application to involved sites Aqueous solutions readily absorbed and capable of causing systemic effects Potential route of administration when oral medications are contraindicated

Answer 61

Mucous Membranes (Topical Routes)

Question 62

Mucous membranes are highly sensitive to some medication concentrations. Patients with ruptured eardrum cannot receive ear irrigations. Insertion of rectal and vaginal medication often causes embarrassment. Rectal suppositories contraindicated if patient has had rectal surgery or if active rectal bleeding is present

Answer 62

Mucous Membranes (Topical Routes) /disadvantage

Question 63

Provides rapid relief for local respiratory problems | Used for introduction of general anesthetic gases

Answer 63

Inhalation(Topical Routes)

Question 64

Some local agents cause serious systemic effects.

Answer 64

Inhalation(Topical Routes)/disadvantage

Question 65

Route advantageous because it does not require frequent administration as eyedrops do

Answer 65

Intraocular Disk(Topical Routes)

Question 66

Local reactions possible; expensive Patients must be taught to insert and remove disk Contraindicated in eye infections

Answer 66

Intraocular Disk(Topical Routes)/disadvantage

Question 67

15 drops (gtt)

Answer 67

1 mL

Question 68

1 teaspoon (tsp)

Answer 68

5 mL

Question 69

1 pint (pt)

Answer 69

480 mL (approximately 500 mL)

Question 70

1 quart (qt)

Answer 70

960 mL (approximately 1 L)

Question 71

1 gallon (gal)

Answer 71

3785 mL (approximately 4 L)

Question 72

do not use spacers.

Answer 72

BAIs and DPIs

Question 73

patients use a spacer with the pMDI. A spacer is a tube that is 10.16 to 20.32 cm (4 to 8 inches) in length that attaches to the pMDI and allows the particles of medication to slow down and break into smaller pieces. This helps the medication get deeper into the lungs and enhances absorption.

Answer 73

spacer

Question 74

release medication when a patient raises a lever and inhales. Release of the medication depends on the strength of the patient’s breath on inspiration, and a BAI is a good choice for patients who have difficulty in using pMDIs because it eliminates the need for hand-breath coordination

Answer 74

BAIs(breath-actuated metered-dose inhalers)

Question 75

hold dry powder medication and create an aerosol when the patient inhales through a reservoir that contains a dose of the medication. The reservoir holds a dose of the medication. Compared with MDIs, DPIs deliver more medication to the lungs

Answer 75

DPIs (dry powder inhalers)

Question 76

is indicated for a patient who has difficulty coordinating the steps, like patients with limited mobility/coordination

Answer 76

spacer

Question 77

are the infections most commonly transmitted by contaminated needles

Answer 77

HBV and HCV