ch 38 potter activity and exercise

Question 1

is a term that describes the coordinated efforts of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.

Answer 1

Body mechanics

Question 2

and “posture” are similar and refer to the positioning of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles while standing, sitting, and lying.

Answer 2

body alignment

Question 3

means that an individual’s center of gravity is stable

Answer 3

Body alignment

Question 4

is the force exerted on a body by gravity

Answer 4

Weight

Question 5

force exerted against the skin while the skin remains stationary and the bony structures move is called

Answer 5

shear

Question 6

involves the integrated functioning of the musculoskeletal and nervous systems

Answer 6

Coordinated body movement

Question 7

skeleton is the supporting framework of the body and is made up of four types of bones:

Answer 7

long, short, flat, and irregular

Question 8

provides attachments for muscles and ligaments and the leverage necessary for mobility

Answer 8

skeletal system

Question 9

are important for mobilization because they are firm, rigid, and elastic

Answer 9

Bones

Question 10

bone loss

Answer 10

(resorption)

Question 11

region where two or more bones attach is referred to as a

Answer 11

joint

Question 12

Each joint is classified according to its

Answer 12

structure and degree of mobility

Question 13

three classifications of joints:

Answer 13

cartilaginous, fibrous, and synovial

Question 14

fit closely together and are fixed, permitting little if any movement, such as the syndesmosis between the tibia and fibula

Answer 14

Fibrous joints

Question 15

have little movement but are elastic and use cartilage to unite separate bony surfaces, such as the synchondrosis that attaches the ribs to the costal cartilage

Answer 15

Cartilaginous joints

Question 16

, or true joints, such as the hinge type at the elbow, are freely movable and the most mobile, numerous, and anatomically complex body joints

Answer 16

Synovial joints

Question 17

Ligaments, tendons, and cartilage support the

Answer 17

skeletal system

Question 18

are white, shiny, flexible bands of dense fibrous tissue that bind joints and connect bones and cartilage

Answer 18

Ligaments

Question 19

is one type of collagenous (classification of joint) fiber that intertwines in irregular, swirling arrangements to form thick connective tissue

Answer 19

ligament

Question 20

are white, glistening fibrous bands of tissue that occur in various lengths and thicknesses

Answer 20

Tendons

Question 21

connect muscle to bone and are strong, flexible, and inelastic. The Achilles tendon is the thickest and strongest tendon in the body.

Answer 21

Tendons

Question 22

is nonvascular (without blood vessels) supporting connective tissue located chiefly in the joints and thorax, trachea, larynx, nose, and ear.
-serves as a shock absorber

Answer 22

Cartilage

Question 23

is unossified (not hardened), except in advanced age and diseases such as osteoarthritis, which impairs mobility.

Answer 23

Permanent cartilage

Question 24

contract when stimulated by an electrochemical impulse that travels from the nerve to the muscle across the neuromuscular junction

Answer 24

Muscle fibers

Question 25

two types of muscle contractions,

Answer 25

isotonic and isometric

Question 26

isotonic or dynamic contraction is mobilizing, causing the

Answer 26

body to move

Question 27

is stabilizing, causing the body to hold a stable position

Answer 27

isometric contraction

Question 28

Isotonic contractions have two varieties,

Answer 28

concentric and eccentric

Question 29

causes lengthening of a muscle to control the speed and direction of movement

Answer 29

Eccentric tension

Question 30

(static contraction) causes an increase in muscle tension or muscle work but no shortening or active movement of the muscle (e.g., instructing a patient to tighten and relax a muscle group, as in quadriceps set exercises or pelvic floor exercises)

Answer 30

Isometric contraction

Question 31

is a combination of isotonic and isometric contractions

Answer 31

Voluntary movement

Question 32

Muscle that directly performs a specific movement.

Answer 32

Prime mover

Question 33

Muscle that directly when contracting opposes prime mover or agonist. Relaxes while prime mover contracts. Provides precision and control during contraction of prime mover.

Answer 33

Antagonist

Question 34

Muscle that contracts at same time as prime mover. Facilitates prime mover actions to produce more effective movement.

Answer 34

Synergists

Question 35

Muscles that stabilize joints; act as type of synergist. Serve to maintain posture and balance

Answer 35

Fixators

Question 36

, is the normal state of balanced muscle tension.

Answer 36

Muscle tone, or tonus

Question 37

Stretch receptors associated with muscles, joint capsules, and tendons are classified as

Answer 37

proprioceptors

Question 38

regulates movement and posture

Answer 38

nervous system

Question 39

, is the major voluntary motor area and is in the cerebral cortex

Answer 39

precentral gyrus, or motor strip

Question 40

disrupts transfer from the neurotransmitter to the muscle

Answer 40

myasthenia gravis

Question 41

impairs muscle activity

Answer 41

multiple sclerosis

Question 42

are located within muscle spindles

Answer 42

Proprioceptors

Question 43

controls balance specifically through the inner ear, the cerebellum, and through vision.

Answer 43

nervous system

Question 44

sense organs that are involved in balance are located within the

Answer 44

vestibule and semicircular canals of the ear.

Question 45

coordinates patterns of muscle movement with the motor control areas of the cerebrum

Answer 45

cerebellum

Question 46

action of the prime movers, antagonists, 783synergists and fixator muscles to make normal movement smooth, steady, and precise as to the force, rate, and extent of movement

Answer 46

cerebellum coordinates

Question 47

identifies patients with a high risk for impaired skin integrity

Answer 47

Braden Scale

Question 48

. It promotes circulation by mimicking the natural action of walking.

Answer 48

venous plexus foot pump

Question 49

(sometimes called antiembolitic stockings) also aid in maintaining external pressure on the muscles of the lower extremities and thus promote venous return

Answer 49

Elastic stockings

Question 50

reduce the risk of contractures and aid in preventing thrombi

Answer 50

ROM exercises and early mobility

Question 51

. Specific exercises that help prevent thrombophlebitis are

Answer 51

ankle pumps, foot circles, and knee flexion.

Question 52

include alternating plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

Answer 52

Ankle pumps, sometimes called calf pumps,

Question 53

involves alternately extending and flexing the knee. These exercises are sometimes referred to as antiembolic exercises and need to be done hourly while awake.

Answer 53

antiembolic exercises//Knee flexion

Question 54

devices also help maintain dorsiflexion. Patients who wear positioning boots or AFOs need to have these removed periodically (e.g., 2 hours on, 2 hours off).

Answer 54

Ankle-foot orthotic (AFO)

Question 55

prevents external rotation of the hips when a patient is in a supine position

Answer 55

trochanter roll

Question 56

maintain the thumb in slight adduction and in opposition to the fingers, which maintain a functional position. Assess the hand roll positioning to make sure that the hand is indeed in a functional position. Hand rolls are most often used with patients whose arms are paralyzed or who are unconscious

Answer 56

Hand rolls

Question 57

is a triangular device that hangs down from a securely fastened overhead bar that is attached to the bedframe

Answer 57

trapeze bar

Question 58

use the 30-degree lateral position

Answer 58

potential pressure areas exist

Question 59

In the supported Fowler’s position the head of the bed is elevated 45 to 60 degrees, and the patient’s knees are slightly elevated without pressure to restrict circulation in the lower legs

Answer 59

fowler position

Question 60

benefits in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury

Answer 60

prone position

Question 61

the patient places the weight on the anterior ileum, humerus, and clavicle

Answer 61

Sims’ position

Question 62

is recommended for patients at risk for pressure injuries

Answer 62

30-degree lateral position

Question 63

low air loss mattresses, heel boots, flotation mattresses

Answer 63

prevent injury to integumentary sys

Question 64

(one-sided weakness)

Answer 64

hemiparesis

Question 65

(one-sided paralysis)

Answer 65

hemiplegia

Question 66

assistive device is used, stand on the patient’s affected side and support him or her with a

Answer 66

gait belt.

Question 67

is one holistic therapeutic approach that acknowledges the importance of addressing the body and spirit as well as the mind during therapeutic work

Answer 67

Psycho-Physical Therapy

Question 68

is an uncommon metabolic disease characterized by | inadequate and delayed mineralization, resulting in compact and spongy bone

Answer 68

Osteomalacia