Ch 32 GI and pancreatic systems Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
GI consists of
A
Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Sm and lg intestine (colon)
2
Q
Most absorption of nutrients take place
A
Sm intestine
3
Q
Most water reabsorption takes place
A
Lg intestine
4
Q
Indigestible material (cellulose) eliminated from
A
Lg intestine
5
Q
3 parts of the salivary gland
A
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual glands
6
Q
Salivary glands ducts
A
Carry saliva to the oral cavity
7
Q
Amylase
A
Digestive enzyme in the saliva
8
Q
Function of amylase
A
Digests starch to maltose
9
Q
Lingual lipase
A
Activated by acidic pH in the stomach
10
Q
Tongue made of skeletal muscle inner acted by
A
Cranial nerve XII
Hypoglossal
11
Q
Taste buds inner acted by
A
7,9th cranial nerves
12
Q
Function of uvula
A
Closes nasopharynx while the epiglottis closes the opening of the larynx
13
Q
Stomach location
A
Upper left quadrant, left of liver, front of spleen
14
Q
Parts of the stomach
A
Fundus
Pylorus
Pyloric sphincter
15
Q
Gastric juice
A
Water Mucus Pepsinogen Hydrochloric acid Gastric lipase Intrinsic factor
16
Q
Mucus forms what
A
Bolus
17
Q
Pepsinogen
A
Enzyme that activates to pepsin by hydrochloride acid.
Begins the digestion of proteins to polypeptides
Hydrochloride acid creates the pH of 1-2 that is necessary to kill most microorganisms that enter the stomach.
Breaks down proteins
18
Q
Gastric juices are secreted at…
A
Site or smell of food
19
Q
Presence of food in the stomach
A
Stimulates the secretion of gastrin
20
Q
Gastrin increases
A
Secretion of gastric juices
21
Q
Stomach has 3 layers of the smooth muscle
A
Circular
Longitudinal
Oblique
22
Q
Changes food to
A
Chyme
23
Q
How long is the small intestine?
A
1 inch in diameter
20 ft long
24
Q
Sm intestines extend from
A
Stomach to the cecum to the colon
25
Duodenum
10inches
| Hepatopancreatic ampulla--entrance of the common bile duct and pancreatic duct and pancreatic bile duct
26
Jejunum
8ft long
27
Ilium
11 ft long
28
Digestion is completed...
Sm intestine
End products absorbed into blood and lymph
Bile and enzymes function in the sm intestines
Chyme enters the duodenum, intestinal mucosa produces enzymes: sucrase, maltase, lactase (disaccharides) to monosaccharides
Peptidases complete the digestion of proteins to amino acids
Nucleosidases and phosphatases completing nucleotide digestion
29
Lg intestine
5 ft long
Ilium of sm intestine to the anus
Stores and eliminates indigestible material
Absorbs water, minerals, and vitamins
30
Elimination
Defecation reflux
| Spinal cord reflex
31
Liver, bladder, pancreas
Accessory organs
| Produce or store digestive secretions
32
Liver location
Right side
Center of the abdominal cavity just below the diaphragm
Right lobe larger than left
33
Blood supply to the liver
Oxygenated blood
34
Hepatic portal circulation
Regulates blood levels of nutrients or to remove toxic substances from the blood.
35
Functions of the liver
Production of bile and hepatocytes
36
Liver functions
Synthesis of specific enzymes
37
Carbohydrate metabolism
Regulates blood glucose levels by storing glucose as glycogen and changing glycogen back to glucose when glucose level is too low.
Also changes other monosaccharides fructose and galactose to
Glucose
38
Amino acid metabolism
Regulates blood levels of amino acids based on tissue needs for protein synthesis
12 amino acids--nonessential amino acids
8amino acids which liver can't synthesize are essential amino acids
Amino groups convert to urea and excreted through urine
39
Lipid metabolism
Forms lipo proteins in the blood
40
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Synthesizes albumin, clotting factors, globulins
41
Albumin
Most abundant plasma protein
Helps maintain. Blood volume
ProThrombin fibrinogen circulate the blood until needed for clotting
42
Amino acid undergo a process in the liver
Amino group is removed and the remaining carbon chain is converted to urea
43
Synthesis of plasma proteins
Synthesizes albumin, clotting factors and globulins
44
Synthesis of plasma protein
Albumin maintains blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries
45
Clotting factors during plasma protein synthesi
Clotting factors produced by the liver include thrombin and fibrinogen.
Circulates in blood until needed for chemical clotting
46
Globulin during plasma protein synthesis
Carriers for other molecules in the blood
47
Phagocytosis of the Kupffer cells
Phagotyze worn erythrocytes, leukocytes, and some bacteria that circulate through the liver.
Many bacteria enter through the colon after being absorbed through the water
48
Portal circulation
Brings blood to the liver before entering circulation through the body
49
Bilirubin
Hepatocytes form bilirubin from the heme portion of the hemoglobin removed from worn erythrocytes.
Liver removes bilirubin from the blood collected from the speen and red bone marrow and excretes it into bile to be eliminated in feces
50
Liver storage
Liver stores minerals iron and copper
Vitamins A D E K
Water soluble B12
51
Detoxification
Synthesizes enzymes that alter harmful substances to less harmful ones
Converts ammonia from protein metabolism to urea
52
Gall bladder
Under surface of the liver
53
Bile in the common hepatic duct
Flows through the cystic duct and into the gallbladder until it is needed in the sm intestine
Concentrates bile by absorbing water
54
Fatty foods enter the duodenum
Duodenal mucosa cholecystokinin
55
Cholecystokinin
Stimulates contraction in the smooth muscle wall of the gallbladder
Contractions forces bile into the cystic duct, into the common bile duct, empties into the duodenum.
56
Pancrease
Posterior to the greater curvature of he stomach.
| Digestive secretions are produced by the exocrine glands called acini
57
Acini
Digestive secretions produced by exocrine glands
58
Pancreatic digestive enzymes are involved in the digestion of the four organic molecule categories
Amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Monoglycerides
Trypsinogen
59
Trypsinogen
Inactive enzyme changed to active trypsin in the duodenum
| Digests polypeptides to shorter chains of amino acids
60
Pancreatic juice contains the following protolytic enzymes
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptides
Elastase
Ribonuclease & deoxyribonuclease for digestion of RNA and DNA
61
Pancreas also has bicarbonate juice which contains
Alkaline
62
Function of bicarbonate juice
Neutralize hydrochloride acid in gastric juice
63
C. Diff
Risk factor with hospitalization or use of antibiotics
| Use of probiotics can reduce the risk of C. Diff
64
BMI
Calculated by height in inches x height
Divide by eight in lbs. by step 1 answer
Multiply step 2 answer by 703
18.5-24.9 is normal
65
Inspection of the abdomen
Supine position
Arms to side
Asculate URQ then clock wise
Clicks or gurgles heard (bowel sounds)
66
Hyperactive bowel sounds
High pitched
Rapid
Loud
67
Hypoactive bowel sounds
Infrequent
| Paralytic ileus or following abdominal bowel surgery
68
Absent bowel sounds
Nothing heard in all quadrants for 2-5 minutes
69
Bowel obstruction sounds
High pitched tinkling that is proximal to obstruction
Abnormal or absent distal to the obstruction
Report abnormal or absent sounds to physician
70
Vascular sounds or Brits
Swooshing sounds
Heard over the aorta
Pts with chronic liver failure have a humming sound over the liver
71
Percussion
Performed by advanced nurse or physician
72
Palpating
Depress abdomin 0.5-1.0 inch
| Use finger pads
73
Ascites
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
74
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen
Monitor GI cancer treatments
Found in patients with cirrhosis
Hepatic disease
Alcoholic pancreatitis
75
Enzymes released by damaged liver cells
ALT--alanine aminotransferase
AST--asparate aminotransfase
LDH--lactic dehydrogenase
Elevations in these blood levels in absence of unknown trauma or heart attack indicate liver damage.
76
Occult blood stool test
Blood not seen by naked eye
77
UGI
Uppergastrointestinal series
78
Angiography
Symptoms of arterial occlusive disease of the hepatic, biliary and pancreatic vessels
Used to evaluate neoplasms in the organs
79
Liver scan
Inject a radioactive medium that is taken up by the liver
| Instruments passes over liver that records the amt of material taken up from the liver
80
Endoscopy
Tube and fiber optic system or a tiny capsule for observing the inside of hollow organ or cavity
81
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
Visualizes the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
82
Retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas
83
Proctosigmoidoscopy
Distal sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal
84
Colonoscopy
Lining of the lg intestine
85
Gastric analysis
Measures the secretions of the stomach
Diagnosis of duodenal ulcer
Gastric carcinoma
Pyloric or duodenal obstruction
86
Gastric acid stimulation test
| Basal cell test
Presence of cancer cells
87
Orgastric tube
GI tube inserted orally into the stomach
88
Gastrointestinal decompression
Necessary if stomach or sm intestine is filled with air or fluid
Distention
Feeling of fullness
Pain in abdomin
Prevention:turning pt or ambulation
