Ch. 32 Protein Assays and Hepatobiliary Function Tests

Question 1

the majority of plasma proteins are produced by what organ?

Answer 1

the liver

Question 2

What are the 3 common protein chemical assays performed in veterinary medicine?

Answer 2

1. total protein
2. albumin
3. fibrinogen

Question 3

total plasma protein measures what?

Answer 3

Fibrinogen

Question 4

total SERUM protein measures what?

Answer 4

all of the protein fractions EXCEPT fibrinogen

Question 5

total protein is commonly used to determine what about an animal?

Answer 5

hydration status

Question 6

Hyperproteinemia

Answer 6

high total protein (seen in dehydrated patients)

Question 7

Hypoproteinemia

Answer 7

low total protein, seen in overhydrated patients

Question 8

Albumin is one of the most important _____ in plasma/serum

Answer 8

PROTEINS

Question 9

What is albumin responsible for?

Answer 9

maintaining the osmotic pressure of the plasma

Question 10

What diseases/conditions may decrease albumin?

Answer 10

liver disease, renal disease, dietary intake, intestinal protein absorption

Question 11

What are globulins?

Answer 11

a complex group of proteins synthesized in the liver

Question 12

what are the 5 immunoglobulins?

Answer 12

IgG, IgD, IgE, IgA, and IgM

Question 13

what is the function of globulins?

Answer 13

to transport and bind proteins

Question 14

If fibrinogen is decreased, will blood clot or not be able to clot?

Answer 14

not be able to clot

Question 15

What conditions may elevate fibrinogen levels?

Answer 15

Inflammation

Tissue damage

Question 16

When are acute-phase proteins primarily seen?

Answer 16

immediately following injury or inflammation

Question 17

Albumina nd transferrin are referred to as negative acute-phase proteins because ________?

Answer 17

thehy decrease following acute injury or inflammation, rather than increase

Question 18

serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein used to differentiate infectious diseases from non infectious diseases in which two species?

Answer 18

Cats

Horses

Question 19

C-reactive protein is a biomarker for inflammation produced in the liver. True or False?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What type of reactions control the functions of the liver?

Answer 20

Enzymatic reactions

Question 21

What is the primary function of the gallbladder?

Answer 21

storage site for bile

Question 22

malfunctions of the liver or gallbladder result in clinical signs of _____, _______, ______, and ______?

Answer 22

1. jaundice
2. hypoalbuminemia
3. problems with hemostasis
4. hypoglycemia

Question 23

What are the 4 enzymes released from damaged hepatocytes (the 4 tests associated with enzymes from damaged liver cells?)

Answer 23

1. ALT
2. AST
3. Iditol dehydrogenase (ID)
4. glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDR)

Question 24

What enzymes are associated with cholestasis (bile duct damage/obstruction)?
What are the 2 tests?

Answer 24

1. ALP

2. gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)

Question 25

Bilirubin is not a component of bile. True or False?

Answer 25

FALSE

Question 26

Increased pre-hepatic (bound to albumin) bilirubin indicates what?

Answer 26

hepatic damage (problems with uptake)

Question 27

Increased conjugated bilirubin indicates what?

Answer 27

bile duct obstruction

Question 28

Unconjugated bilirubin is increased with ______ or ________?

Answer 28

excessive RBC destruction or defects in the transport system mechanism of bilirubin

Question 29

Bile acids aid in ________ and _______?

Answer 29

fat absorption | modulating cholesterol

Question 30

Where are bile acids stored? (with the exception of horses)

Answer 30

the gallbladder

Question 31

Why would bile acids be elevated?

Answer 31

with liver disease (congenital portosystemic shunts, chronic hepatitis, hepatic cirrhosis, cholestasis, or neoplasia)

Question 32

What extrahepatic diseases is increased bile acids associated with?

Answer 32

intestinal malabsorption disorders, in horses can be due to decreased feed intake

Question 33

What is hypercholesteremia? What is it associated with?

Answer 33

high cholesterol | associated with hyperadrenocorticism, DM, and nephrotic syndrome, rarely diet related (high fat, postprandial lipemia)

Question 34

In dogs and cats ALT is considered liver specific: true or false?

Answer 34

true

Question 35

More severe liver damage is needed to increase ALT or AST?

Answer 35

AST

Question 36

ALP in young animals comes mostly from what cells?

Answer 36

osteoblasts in the bone and chondroblasts int he cartilage as bones develop

Question 37

ALP in adult/older animals is primarily from what cells?

Answer 37

liver cells

Question 38

What is ALP primarily used to determine in adult dogs/cats?

Answer 38

Cholestasis

Question 39

When is GGT elevated?

Answer 39

In patients with liver disease, especially obstructive liver disease