Ch. 34 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Ch. 34 Deck (33)
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1
Q

Chordates are bilaterian animals that belong to the clade of animals known as ________.

A

Deuterostomia.

2
Q

Chordates comprise all vertebrates and 2 groups of invertebrates:

A

Urochordates and Cephalochordates.

3
Q

4 Key characters of chordates:

A
  1. Notochord
  2. Dorsal, hollow nerve chord
  3. Pharyngeal slits or cleft
  4. Muscular, post-anal tail
4
Q

The __________ is a longitudinal, flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve chord.

A

Notochord.

5
Q

The ________ develops into the Central Nervous System: the brain and the spinal chord.

A

Nerve Chord.

6
Q

Functions of the pharyngeal slits (3):

A
  • Suspension-feeding structures in many invertebrate chordates
  • gas exchange in vertebrates (except vertebrates with limbs, the tetrapods)
  • Develop into parts of the ear, and neck in tetrapods
7
Q

________ (Urochordata) are more closely related to other chordates than are lancelets.

A

Tunicates.

8
Q

________ share some characteristics: a skull, a brain, eyes and other sensory organs.

A

Craniates.

9
Q

One feature unique to craniates is the _________, a collection of cells near the dorsal–these give rise to a variety of structures, including some of the bones and cartilage of the skull.

A

Neural Crest.

10
Q

_______ were the first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elements in their mouth and pharynx.

A

Conodonts.

11
Q

_______ are vertebrates that have jaws; include: sharks, ray-finned fishes, lobe-finned fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

A

Gnathostomes.

12
Q

In aquatic gnathostomes, the ________, which is sensitive to vibrations is present.

A

Lateral Line System.

13
Q

The earliest gnathostomes in the fossil record are an extinct lineage of armored vertebrates called ________.

A

Placoderms.

14
Q

Group of jawed vertebrates that radiated during the Silurian and Devonian periods (444 to 359 MYA)?

A

Acanthodians.

15
Q

__________ (sharks, rays, relatives) have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage.

A

Chondrichthyans.

16
Q

________: eggs that hatch outside the mother’s body.

A

Oviparous.

17
Q

________: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished in the egg yolk.

A

Ovoviviparous.

18
Q

_______: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood.

A

Viviparous.

19
Q

Nearly all living _______ have bony endoskeleton; include bony fish and tetrapods.

A

Osteichthyans.

20
Q

Most fishes breathe by drawing water over gills protected by an ________.

A

Operculum.

21
Q

Fish control their buoyancy with an air sac known as a ___________.

A

Swim Bladder.

22
Q

The ______ (Sarcopterygii) have muscular pelvic and pectoral fins.

A

Lobe-Fins

23
Q

Tetrapods have specific adaptations (5):

A
  • 4 limbs and feet w/ digits
  • Neck, which allows separate movement of the head
  • Fusion of the pelvic girdle to the backbone
  • The absence of gills
  • Ears for detecting airborne sounds
24
Q

________ are a group of tetrapods whose living members are the reptiles, including birds and mammals.

A

Amniotes.

25
Q

Most reptiles are _______, absorbing external heat as the main source of body heat.

A

Ectothermic.

26
Q

Birds are _________, capable of keeping the body warm through metabolism.

A

Endothermic.

27
Q

Birds descended from the group, _______, whom were bipedal carnivores.

A

Theropods.

28
Q

______ are amniotes that have hair and produce milk.

A

Mammals.

29
Q

Mammals have (5):

A
  • Mammary glands, which produce milk
  • Hair
  • A higher metabolic rate, due to endothermy
  • A larger brain than other vertebrates of equivalent size
  • Differentiated teeth
30
Q

Mammals evolved from ________.

A

Synapsids.

31
Q

________ are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus.

A

Monotremes.

32
Q

________ include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas.

A

Marsupials.

33
Q

The embryo develops within a ________ in the mother’s uterus.

A

Placenta.