Ch. 38 Upper Digestive System

Question 1

What is the function of the digestive system?

Answer 1

prepare nutrients for absorption and for use by the millions of body cells

Question 2

What are the six basic processes of the digestive system?

Answer 2

Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
digestion
absorption
defecation

Question 3

What is the scientific name for the digestive tube?

Answer 3

Alimentary canal

Question 4

What is the upper digestive tract?

Answer 4

mouth to stomach; 
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach

Question 5

What is the lower digestive tract?

Answer 5

small intestine to anus; duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

Question 6

What are the accessory organs?

Answer 6

salivary glands
tongue
teeth
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
vermiform appendix

Question 7

What are the four layers of the GI tract wall?

Answer 7

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

Question 8

What are the three sublayers of the mucosa?

Answer 8

mucous epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosae

Question 9

What do you find in the submucosa?

Answer 9

glands, blood vessels, submucosal plexus

Question 10

What are the two muscular layers of muscularis?

Answer 10

inner circular layer

outer longitudinal layer

Question 11

What plexus do you find in muscularis?

Answer 11

myenteric plexus

Question 12

What is the serosa actually?

Answer 12

visceral layer of peritoneum

Question 13

What is the peritoneum?

Answer 13

serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

Question 14

What kind of epithelium do you find in the esophagus? Why?

Answer 14

Stratified squamous; protection

Question 15

What kind of epithelium do you find in the intestines? Why?

Answer 15

simple columnar epithelium; absorption

Question 16

What is the enteric nervous system?

Answer 16

Innervation to the GI tract

Question 17

What plexuses make up the enteric nervous system and where are they found?

Answer 17

Submucosal plexus

Myenteric plexus

Question 18

What are the salivary glands?

Answer 18

Communicate with digestive system via ducts

Question 19

What two types of cells make up salivary glands? What does each type secrete?

Answer 19

serous cells: watery secretion with digestive enzymes

mucus cells: mucus

Question 20

Where are parotid glands found?

Answer 20

anterior and inferior to external ear

Question 21

What kind of liquids do parotid glands secrete?

Answer 21

Serous saliva

Question 22

Where are the ducts located for parotid glands?

Answer 22

above superior molars

Question 23

Where are submandibular glands found?
What kind of liquid do they secrete?
Where are the ducts located?

Answer 23

• by mandible
• serous and mucus
• ducts under tongue

Question 24

Where are sublingual glands found?
What kind of liquid do they secrete?
Where are their ducts?

Answer 24

• under tongue
• mucus liquid
• 8-20 ducts drain them

Question 25

What is the composition of saliva and what is the purpose of each component?

Answer 25

- water: dissolve food - Cl ions: activate salivary amylase - Bicarbonate and K: buffer acidic food - Urea &uric acid: remove waste - Mucus: lubricate food - IgA: prevent microbe attachment - Lysozyme: kills bacteria - Amylase: break down carbs - Lipase: break down fats

Question 26

What is the scientific term for chewing?

Answer 26

Mastication

Question 27

What is the function of teeth?

Answer 27

cut, tear, and grind ingested food to mix it with saliva

Question 28

What are deciduous teeth? How many?

Answer 28

baby teeth | 20

Question 29

What are permanent teeth? How many?

Answer 29

adult teeth | 32

Question 30

What is the scientific term for swallowing?

Answer 30

Deglutition

Question 31

Where is pharynx located?

Answer 31

nasal cavity to hyoid bone

Question 32

Where is the esophagus?

Answer 32

behind the trachea

Question 33

Where does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

Answer 33

esophageal hiatus

Question 34

What does the esophagus do?

Answer 34

secrete mucus | transport food to stomach

Question 35

What regulates food movement?

Answer 35

upper and lower esophageal sphincters

Question 36

What is a sphincter?

Answer 36

valve that regulates passage of material

Question 37

What is the type of muscle control for each section of the esophagus?

Answer 37

upper third: voluntary Middle third: voluntary and involuntary Lower third: involuntary

Question 38

What are the stages of deglutition? Describe was happens in each stage

Answer 38

- Voluntary: move tongue up and back; move food to oropharynx - pharyngeal: resp. closes, deglutition receives and interprets message, epiglottis moves forward - Esophageal: peristalsis

Question 39

Where is the stomach?

Answer 39

below diaphragm to left of median line

Question 40

What joins the stomach and what exits the stomach?

Answer 40

esophagus enters superiorly | duodenum exits

Question 41

What are the different divisions of the stomach?

Answer 41

- Fundus: enlarged portions above esophagus opening - Body: central part - Pylorus: lower portion; connecting duodenum - Cardia: where esophagus joins

Question 42

What are the curves of the stomach?

Answer 42

lesser curvature | greater curvature

Question 43

What are the sphincters of the stomach?

Answer 43

lower esophageal sphincter | pyloric sphincter

Question 44

What is unique about the wall of the stomach?

Answer 44

extra muscle layer

Question 45

What are rugae?

Answer 45

Folds of gastric mucosa

Question 46

What are gastric pits? What cells are found here

Answer 46

valleys of gastric mucosa | surface mucous cells?

Question 47

What are gastric glands? What cells are found here?

Answer 47

extensions of the pits | 4 layers + muscle layer

Question 48

What do chief cells do?

Answer 48

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Question 49

What do parietal cells do?

Answer 49

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

Question 50

What do endocrine cells do?

Answer 50

Secrete ghrelin and gastrin

Question 51

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 51

- food reservoir - secrete gastric juices - churns food - secrete intrinsic factor - small amt of absorption - produce gastrin and ghrelin - destroy pathogenic bacteria

Question 52

What is chyme?

Answer 52

-mixture of gastric juices and contents