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Anatomy Final Exam > Ch. 39 Lower Digestive System > Flashcards

Ch. 39 Lower Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What organs make up the lower digestive tract?

A

Small intestine

Large intestine

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2
Q

What accessory organs help with digestion in the lower digestive tract?

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Appendix

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3
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption

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4
Q

What are the three divisions of the small intestine in order?

A

Duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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5
Q

What are the components of the wall of the small intestine?

A

Plicae
Villi
Microvilli

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6
Q

What are plicae

A

folds

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7
Q

What are villi?

A

contains arteriole, venule, and lacteal

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8
Q

What are microvilli? What cells have these?

A

enterocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of plicae, villi, and microvilli?

A

Increase surface area

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10
Q

What are the wall layers of small intestine?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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11
Q

What is the mucosa epithelium made of?

A

goblet cells
enteroendocrine cells
tuft cells

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12
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

secrete mucus

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13
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

secrete hormones

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14
Q

What do tuft cells do?

A

secrete prostaglandins and endorphins

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15
Q

What are the valleys between villi called?

A

intestinal crypts

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16
Q

What cells are found in valleys between villi?

A

intestinal stem cells

Paneth cells

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17
Q

What do Paneth cells do?

A

Secrete lysozyme to inhibit bacterial growth

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18
Q

What is the movement of peristalsis?

A

weak; move bolus down esophagus

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19
Q

What is the movement of segmentation?

A

local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices; sloshing back and forth

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20
Q

What are the divisions of the large intestine>

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum
Anal canal

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21
Q

What is the ileocecal valve? What does it join?

A

permits material to pass from the ileum to the large intestine

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22
Q

What is the cecum?

A

blind-ended pouch in RLQ

where appendix attaches

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23
Q

What accessory structure joins the cecum?

A

appendix

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24
Q

Where is the ascending colon?

A

Right side of abdomen

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25
What is the hepatic flexure?
bend by liver
26
Where is the transverse colon?
Horizontally across abdomen
27
Where is the descending colon?
Descends vertically on left side of abdomen
28
What is the splenic flexure?
bend by spleen
29
Where is the sigmoid colon?
Courses downward in shape of S
30
Where is the rectum?
end of large intestine before anal canal
31
What are transverse rectal folds/rectal valves?
Hold feces in place until defecation
32
What is the anal canal?
terminal inch of rectum
33
What sphincters are found in anal canal?
internal anal sphincter | external anal sphincter
34
Which sphincter in anal canal is voluntary and involuntary?
External: voluntary Internal: involuntary
35
What is the opening of anal canal called?
Anus
36
What are the unique properties of the walls of the large intestine?
No villi | contain intestinal mucous glands
37
What are teniae coli?
longitudinal muscles grouped into strips
38
What are haustra?
pouches of circular muscles grouped into dense rings
39
What are epiploic appendages?
pouchlike extensions of fat
40
Where is the vermiform appendix located?
RLQ
41
What is the function of the appendix?
helps non-pathogenic intestinal bacteria
42
What types of cells are found in the appendix>
lymphoid tissue
43
What is the peritoneum?
large, continuous sheet of serous membrane
44
Where is the parietal layer?
lines the walls of the entire abdominal cavity
45
Where is the visceral layer?
forms a serous outer coat on many of the organs
46
What layer of the GI tract is the visceral layer of the peritoneum?
serous membrane
47
What does intraperitoneal mean?
organs covered in visceral peritoneum
48
What organs are intraperitoneal?
liver
49
What does retroperitoneal mean?
Organs secured to posterior abdominal wall
50
What organs are retroperitoneal?
suprarenal gland, aorta, duodenum, pancreas, ureters, colon, kidneys, esophagus, rectum
51
What are the large folds of the peritoneum?
``` Greater omentum Falciform ligament lesser omentum mesentery mesocolon ```
52
Where are the folds of the peritoneum found?
Greater omentum: in front of intestines Falciform ligament: between right and left liver Lesser omentum: attaches to liver and stomach/deudenum Mesentery: binds small intestine to post wall Mesocolon: binds transverse and signmoid to post wall
53
What is the function of the large folds of peritoneum?
Greater: contain adipose tissue and lymph nodes
54
Where is the liver located?
immediately under diaphragm
55
What connects the liver to the diaphragm?
coronary ligaments
56
What are the divisions of the liver? What divides it?
left lobe and right lobe | separated by falciform ligament
57
What is the functional unit of the liver?
lobule
58
What are the components of a lobule?
hepatocytes central vein portal triad
59
What are hepatocytes?
liver cells
60
What makes up a hepatic triad?
Interlobular artery interlobular portal vein Interlobular bile duct
61
What is the function of each component of a hepatic triad?
Artery: oxygenates hepatocytes Portal vein: "inspection" Bile duct:
62
What is the blood supply to the liver?
Hepatic artery
63
What components does each blood supply bring to the liver?
Hepatic artery: oxygenated | Hepatic portal vein: deoxygenated
64
What macrophages are fixed in the liver?
stellate macrophages
65
What is the pathway of bile from the liver to the small intestine?
hepatocytes-bile canaliculi-bile ductules-interlobular duct-R&L hepatic duct-common hepatic duct
66
Where in the small intestine does the common bile duct open?
duodenum
67
What are the functions of the liver?
``` Carb metabolism Lipid metabolism Protein metabolism Detoxify drugs/hormones Break down old RBC Secrete bile Store iron, fat, vitamins Hematopoiesis during fetal dev. ```
68
Where is the gallbladder located?
underside of liver
69
What is the function of the gallbladder?
stores bile
70
Where is the pancreas located?
in arms of duodenum
71
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
secrete pancreatic juices
72
How do pancreatic juices enter the small intestine?
common bile duct and accessory duct
73
What division of the small intestine do pancreatic juices enter?
duodenum
74
How are exocrine cells arranged?
acini
75
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
secrete hormones
76
What part of the pancreas secretes hormones?
endocrine
77
What hormones are secreted from pancreas?
glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

Anatomy Final Exam (3 decks)

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