Ch 39 Ecology (Behavior)

Question 0

Integrates proximate and ultimate explanations for animal behavior

Answer 0

Behavioral ecology

Question 1

What are the four questions that Niko Tinbergen identified should be asked about animal behavior

Answer 1

What stimulus elicits the behavior and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response ?
How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

Question 2

Addresses “how” a behavior occurs or is modified.

Answer 2

Proximate causation

Question 3

Addresses “why” a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection

Answer 3

Ultimate causation

Question 4

What stimulus elicits the behavior and what mechanisms mediate the response?

How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?

Answer 4

Proximate causation

Question 5

How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?

What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

Answer 5

Ultimate causation

Question 6

A sequence of unlearned innate behavior that is unchangeable

Answer 6

Fixed action pattern

Question 7

What happens when a fixed action pattern is initiated?

Answer 7

It is usually carried to completion

Question 8

How is a fixed action pattern usually triggered

Answer 8

By an external cue known as a sign stimulus

Question 9

Give an example of a fixed action pattern

Answer 9

Tinbergen observed male stickleback fish who attack when the stimulus of a red underside is present.
As long as some red is present, the fish attack even when presented with unrealistic models

Question 10

A regular, long distance change in location

Answer 10

Migration

Question 11

How do animals orient themselves when it comes to migration

Answer 11

Position of the sun and their circadian clock
Position of sun or stars
Earth’s magnetic field

Question 12

An internal 24-hr activity rhythm or cycle

Answer 12

Circadian clock

Question 13

What are behaviors that are influenced by a circannual rhythm (changing seasons)

Answer 13

Migration

Reproduction

Question 14

What are common seasonal cues

Answer 14

Daylight

Darkness

Question 15

Affect tidal movements

Some behaviors are linked to this also

Answer 15

Lunar cycles

Question 16

A behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior

Answer 16

Signal

Question 17

Transmission and reception of signals

Answer 17

Communication

Question 18

How do animal’s communicate

Answer 18

Using visual
Chemical
Tactile
And auditory signals

Question 19

What three step stimulus response chain does fruit fly courtship follow

Answer 19

Visual
Tactile
Auditory communication

Question 20

Chemical substances emitted through odors

Answer 20

Pheromones

Question 21

What type of communication does nocturnal animals rely on

Answer 21

Olfactory and auditory

Question 22

What type of communication does diurnal animal’s rely on

Answer 22

Visual and auditory

Question 23

Developmentally fixed and does not vary among individuals

Answer 23

Innate behavior

Question 24

Places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species

Answer 24

Cross-fostering study

Question 25

Allow researchers to compare the relative influence of genetics and environment on behavior in humans

Answer 25

Twin studies

Question 26

Helps to identify the contribution of environment to an animal's behavior

Answer 26

Cross fostering study

Question 27

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences

Answer 27

Learning

Question 28

The establishment of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual

Answer 28

Imprinting

Question 29

A specific time in which imprinting can only occur

Answer 29

Sensitive period

Question 30

A limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned

Answer 30

Sensitive period

Question 31

Who experimented on baby geese when it came to | Imprinting

Answer 31

Konrad Lorenz

Question 32

The establishment of a memory that reflects the spatial structure of the environment

Answer 32

Spatial learning

Question 33

An internal representation of spatial relationships between objects in an animal's surroundings

Answer 33

Cognitive map

Question 34

Animal's associate one feature of their environment with another

Answer 34

Associative learning

Question 35

Process of knowing that may include awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgement

Answer 35

Cognition

Question 36

The process of devising a strategy to overcome an obstacle

Answer 36

Problem solving

Question 37

Learning through the observation of others and forms the roots of culture

Answer 37

Social learning

Question 38

A system of information transfer through observation or teaching that influences behavior of individuals in a population

Answer 38

Culture

Question 39

What can culture alter

Answer 39

Behavior and influence the fitness of individuals

Question 40

What does behavior enhance in a population

Answer 40

Survival and reproductive success

Question 41

A behavior essential for survival and reproduction that includes recognizing, capturing, and eating food items

Answer 41

Foraging

Question 42

Refines behavior that enhances the efficiency of feeding

Answer 42

Natural selection

Question 43

What does natural selection favor and depend on

Answer 43

Favors different alleles depending on the density of the population

Question 44

Includes seeking or attracting mates, choosing among potential mates, competing for mates, and caring for offspring

Answer 44

Mating behavior

Question 45

One male mates with one female

Answer 45

Monogamous relationship

Question 46

Significance of males and females in monogamous mating relationships

Answer 46

Look very similar

Question 47

Individual of one sex mates with several of the other

Answer 47

Polygamous

Question 48

In polygamous mating systems makes and females are usually

Answer 48

Sexually dimorphic

Question 49

One male mates with many females | Makes more showy and larger than females

Answer 49

Polygynous

Question 50

One female mates with many males | The females are often more showy than the males

Answer 50

Polyandrous

Question 51

When the young need continuous supply of food | How does make maximize his reproductive success

Answer 51

Staying with his mate and caring for his young (monogamy)

Question 52

When young can soon feed and care for themselves How does make maximize reproductive success

Answer 52

By seeking additional mates (polygyny)

Question 53

Influences parental care and mating behavior

Answer 53

Certainty of paternity

Question 54

What is the paternal certainty in species with internal fertilization

Answer 54

Paternal certainty is low because mating and birth are separated over time

Question 55

How is parental care in external fertilization

Answer 55

Just as likely to be by males as by females

Question 56

Results from sexual selection, a form of natural selection

Answer 56

Sexual dimorphism

Question 57

Members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traita

Answer 57

Intersexual selection

Question 58

Involves competition between members of the same sex for mates

Answer 58

Intrasexual selection

Question 59

Type of intersexual selection

Answer 59

Courtship

Question 60

The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

Answer 60

Inclusive fitness

Question 61

Three key variables in an altruistic act

Answer 61

Benefit the recipient Cost the altruist Coefficient of relatedness