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BIO 101 > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is magnification?

A

the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size

how close a specimen is

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2
Q

What is resolution?

A

a measure of the clarity of an image

how clear a specimen appears

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3
Q

What is the total magnification of a light microscope?

A

1000x

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4
Q

What is the total magnification of an electron microscope?

A

1-50x million

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5
Q

What is a scanning microscope? (SEM)

A

used to scan the surface of a sample so as to study its topography

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6
Q

What is a transmission electron microscope? (TEM)

A

used to study the internal structure of cells through thin slices of the specimen

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7
Q

What are the smallest objects observable using microscopes?

A

atoms

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8
Q

What are the 3 tenants of cell theory?

A
  1. Cells are the basic unit of life
  2. All living things are composed of one or more cells
  3. New cells come from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • provides shape and structure for the cell
  • acts as a selective barrier that regulates the cell’s chemical composition
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10
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

a phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

Why are cells small in size?

A
  • to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio
  • allows cell to carry out functions quickly and efficiently
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12
Q

Why is maintaining a high surface area to volume ratio important?

A
  • the ratio gets smaller as cell gets larger
  • if the cell grows beyond a certain limit, not enough material will be able to cross the membrane fast enough
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13
Q

What are 4 characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  1. simple and unicellular
  2. no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  3. circular DNA
  4. divides using binary fission
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14
Q

What are 4 characteristics of eukaryotes?

A
  1. complex and multicellular
  2. clear nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
  3. linear DNA found in the nucleus
  4. divides using mitosis
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15
Q

What are organelles?

A

structures within cells that have specialized functions

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16
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes

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17
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

the region where a prokaryotic cell’s DNA is located

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18
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

complexes that synthesize protein

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19
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

the membrane enclosing the cytoplasm

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20
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

a rigid structure outside the plasma membrane

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21
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

the outer coating of many prokaryotes, consisting of a capsule or slime layer

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22
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

a locomotion organelle of some prokaryotes

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23
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

organelle that houses DNA and controls and regulates cellular activities

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24
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • a nonmembranous structure involved in rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
  • found within the nucleus
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25
Q

Where are ribosomes found?

A

either free in the cytosol or bound to the rough ER or nuclear envelope

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26
Q

What are vesicles?

A

membranous sacs in the cytoplasm responsible for transporting materials and recycling waste

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27
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

smooth ER

A

a network of membranous sacs and tubes responsible for lipid synthesis

contains no ribosomes, found near plasma membrane

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28
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of membranous sacs and tubes that synthesizes proteins

studded with ribosomes, found near cytoplasm

29
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

AKA Golgi body

A

organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products

UPS center of the cell

30
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

sites of cellular respiration where most ATP is generated

31
Q

What are 4 unique structures within plant cells?

A
  1. cell wall
  2. chloroplasts
  3. plasmodesmata
  4. central vacuole
32
Q

What is a cell wall in plants?

A

outer layer that maintains cell shape and protects cell from mechanical damage

made of the polysaccharide cellulose

33
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

photosynthesis organelles that convert sunlight to chemical energy stored in glucose

34
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

intracellular pores connecting adjacent plant cells, allowing for cellular communication between cells

35
Q

What is a central vacuole?

A

used for storage, breakdown of waste, and hydrolysis

36
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A
  • composed of 2 membranes that surround the nucleus
  • perforated with pores that regulate traffic within the cytosol
37
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

protein-lined channels in the nuclear envelope that regulates transportation

38
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

the substance of a cell’s nucleus

serves as a suspending substance for DNA and RNA

39
Q

What is chromatin?

A

the material that chromosomes are made of, consisting of protein, DNA, and RNA packed into a fiber

40
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

discreet units of DNA that are found within the nucleus

single-stranded forms of condesned chromatin

41
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A
  • suspended in the cytosol
  • most proteins made here function within the cytosol
42
Q

What are bound ribosomes?

A
  • attached to the ER or nuclear envelope
  • make proteins destined for membrane insertion
43
Q

What are the 4 functions of the endomembrane system?

A
  1. synthesis
  2. distribution
  3. storage
  4. import/export
44
Q

What are the 6 structures of the endomembrane system?

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. ER
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. lysosomes
  5. vacuoles
  6. plasma membrane
45
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

organelles that digest worn-out organelles and other cell debris

46
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

organelles that store cellular materials

47
Q

What are the 6 internal compartments of mitochondria?

A
  1. outer membrane
  2. inner membrane
  3. intermediate space
  4. cristal membrane
  5. intracristal space
  6. mitochondrial matrix
48
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

the fluid that is inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

49
Q

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

A

3

2 outer membranes and 1 thylakoid membrane

50
Q

What is the stroma?

A

dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane

51
Q

What are grana?

A
  • stacks of thylakoid disks in the chloroplast
  • plays a role in light reactions of photosynthesis
52
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

flattened sacs inside a chloroplast that are used to convert sunlight to energy

53
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells

later evolved into a single organism

“origin of eukaryotes”

54
Q

What are 4 pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  1. composed of 2 membranes
  2. contain circular DNA
  3. contain ribosomes
  4. autonomous
55
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm

serves mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

56
Q

What are microtubules?

A

hollow rods composed of tubulin that regulate cell growth and movement

57
Q

What are microfilaments?

AKA actin filaments

A

long, thin fibers that function in cell motility

contractions, basic cell movements

58
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

flexible intracellular tendons that prevent excessive stretching of cells

nylon rope!

59
Q

What are cilia?

A

short appendages containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells

there are 2 types: primary and motile

60
Q

What are motile cilia?

A

specialize in locomotion or moving fluid past the cell

formed in a 9+2 arrangement

61
Q

What are primary cilia?

A

nonmotile, plays a sensory and signaling role in eukaryotes

62
Q

What is the 9+2 pattern?

A

formation of motile cilia in which 9 doublets of microtubules are arranged in a ring with 2 single microtubules in the center

63
Q

What are flagella?

A

long, cellular appendages specialized for locomotion in prokaryotes

64
Q

What are motor proteins?

A

proteins that interact with cytoskeletal elements, producing cellular movement

65
Q

What is the extracellular matrix? (ECM)

A

the meshwork surrounding animal cells

consists of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycons

66
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

membranes of neighboring calls are pressed together, preventing leakage of fluid

67
Q

What are anchoring junctions?

AKA desmosomes

A

function like rivets to fasten cells together to form strong sheets

68
Q

What are gap junctions?

AKA communication junctions

A

provide cytoplasmic channels between cells with special membrane proteins

BIO 101 (11 decks)

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