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Criminology > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Classical criminology

A

Theory of crime that states that criminal behavior is a matter of personal choice
-after person considers costs/benefits

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2
Q

Contemporary Rational Choice Theory

A

Low-violating behavior is product of careful thought/planning

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3
Q

Rational Choice -
Personal Factors?
Situational Factors?

A

Personal Factors -
Money, revenge, thrills

Situational Factors-
Target-availability, police presence

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4
Q

Offense- Specific

A

View that offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of particular criminal act

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5
Q

Offender-specific

A

View that offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs and fears before committing criminal act

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6
Q

Difference between ‘crime’ and ‘criminality’ ?

A

Crime - is an event

Criminality - is a personal trait

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7
Q

Is drug use controlled by rational decision making?

A

Yes

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of violations?

A

1) Market-Related
2) Status-based
3) Personalistic

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9
Q

What’s market-related violation?

A

Robberies that emerge from disputes involving in trade, or rivals

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10
Q

What are Status-based violations?

A

Violations involving encounters in which robber’s essential character/values have been challenged

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11
Q

What’s Personalistic violations?

A

Violations flow from incidents in which robber’s autonomy or sense of values have been jeopardized

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12
Q

Edgework -

A

The excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations

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13
Q

Seductions of crime -

A

The situational inducements of immediate benefits that draw offenders into law violations

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14
Q

Situational Crime Prevention

A

Method of crime that seeks to eliminate/reduce particular crimes in specific settings

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15
Q

Defensible Space

A

Principle that crime can be prevented/displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce opportunity that individuals have to commit crime

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16
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

View that crime is a function of decision making process in which weighing costs/benefits on illegal act

17
Q

Crime Discouragers

A

People who serve as guardians of property or people

18
Q

3 types of Crime Discouragers -

A

1) “guardians” - monitor potential targets (police/store security guards)
2) “handlers” - monitor potential offenders (parole officers and parents)
3) “managers” - monitor places (homeowners)

19
Q

Does applying death penalty increase or decrease the # of murders?

A

Increases

20
Q

When is it the most easiest deterrent and when is the hardest?

A

Achieved deterrence is during minor crimes/offenses and more serious crimes harder to discourage

21
Q

Diffusion

A

An effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another
Ex: cameras set up in mall to reduce shoplifting, also reduce property damage

22
Q

Discouragement

A

Effort that occurs when crime control efforts targeting particular areas help reduce crime in surrounding areas/ populations

23
Q

Displacement -
Extinction -
Replacement -

A

Displacement- occurs when crime control efforts move/redirect offenders to less guarded targets

Extinction- occurs when crime reduction programs produce short-term positive effect

Replacement- occur when criminals try new offenses

24
Q

General deterrence

A

Depends on fear of criminal punishments convincing the possible law violator that the pains associated w/ crime outweigh benefits

25
Q

What percent of crimes reported to police? How many of those are arrests?

A

Only 1/2 of crimes reported to police, and police make arrests for only 20%

26
Q

Specific deterrence

A

View that criminal sanctions should be so poets up that offenders will never repeat their criminal acts

27
Q

Incarceration

A

Confinement in jail/prison

28
Q

Recidivism

A

Repetition of criminal behavior

29
Q

2/3 of all convicted felons are tear rested within __ years of release from prison

A

3

30
Q

Reasons why harsh treatments don’t reduce crime -

A
  • punishment breeds defiance rather than deterrence

- Locks offenders into crime career

31
Q

Incapacitation Effect

A

Idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of committing further offenses

32
Q

Do arrests actually escalate the frequency of repeat domestic abuse?

A

Yes

Criminology (11 decks)

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