Ch. 8

Question 1

Critical criminologists:

Answer 1

Criminologists believe crime linked to economic, social, political disparity

Question 2

What do criminologists believe the “true crimes” are?

Answer 2

Racism, imperialism, unsafe working conditions not race

Question 3

When was the north of critical criminology?

Answer 3

1960s

Question 4

1st person w/ origin to critical criminology?

Answer 4

Karl Marx

Question 5

Power:

Answer 5

Ability of person/groups to control behavior of others

Question 6

What do contemporary critical criminologists believe?

Answer 6

Modern capitalism destroys lives of workers in less developed countries

Question 7

Concepts of domination?

Answer 7

Elite control justice system; preserve political-economical, racial domination

Question 8

Crime:

Answer 8

Political concept designed to protect power/position of upper class at expense of poor

Question 9

Supernational crimes:

Answer 9

Compromising the study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, in which crimes prosecuted/tried

Question 10

Instrumental theorists:

Answer 10

View law/justice system as serving interest of upper class

Question 11

Structural theorists:

Answer 11

Believe law is designed to keep capitalist system operating in efficient manner

Question 12

Who do instrumental theorists believe?

Answer 12

• Law/justice system serves powerful morality in entire society
• poor may/may not commit more crimes, but arrested more often
• Poor driven to crime because of frustration

Question 13

Surplus value:

Answer 13

Excess of profits produces by labor classes and accumulated by business owners

Question 14

What happens when rate of surplus increases?

Answer 14

More people displaced by machines

Question 15

Marginalization:

Answer 15

Displacement of workers, pushing them outside economic social mainstream

Question 16

Globalization:

Answer 16

Creation/maintenance of transnational markets

Question 17

State (organized) crime:

Answer 17

Criminal acts committed by government officials

Question 18

What is illegal domestic surveillance?

Answer 18

-government listens to convos w/out proper permission

Question 19

Extraordinary rendition:

Answer 19

Sending suspected terrorists to foreign prisons that permit torture

Question 20

“Moral panic”:

Answer 20

When general population feels threatened by person/group even tho few evidence

Question 21

What is state-corporate crime?

Answer 21

Crime committed by individuals who advise state authority when working w/ ppl in private sector

Question 22

Dropout factories:

Answer 22

High schools in which completion rate is 40% or less

Question 23

How many failing schools in U.S.?

Answer 23

More than 1,700

Question 24

“Racial Threat Theory”:

Answer 24

As # of minority’s group member in communities increase, punishment enhanced

Question 25

Left realism:

Answer 25

Realistic of crime and causes; crime seen as class conflict

Question 26

What is the relative deprivation approach?

Answer 26

Suggest that experiencing poverty in midst of money creates crime

Question 27

What do left realists believe?

Answer 27

- Cause of serious crime function of economic inequality, deprivation, supportive institutions - claim opportunities can't b blocked cuz don't exist - Police save lives, but need to reduce brutality

Question 28

Preemptive deterrence:

Answer 28

Efforts to prevent crime thru community organization/youth involvement

Question 29

4 elements w/ terrorist involvement -

Answer 29

1) recruit due to relative deprivation 2) Subcultures, provide peer support 3) Victims based on opportunity 4) get-tough policies may backfire

Question 30

Relative Deprivation:

Answer 30

Being less well off than one's peers

Question 31

Critical feminism:

Answer 31

View gender inequality as result of exploiting of women

Question 32

Patriarchal:

Answer 32

System of society/government controlled by government

Question 33

"Double-marginality":

Answer 33

Females commit fewer crimes because isolated to families, fewer opportunities for elite-deviance

Question 34

Hegemonic masculinity:

Answer 34

Belief existence of culturally ideal male behavior

Question 35

"Doing gender -

Answer 35

Failure to dominate women in order to prove masculinity

Question 36

Crime/delinquency rates as 2 factors -

Answer 36

1) class position (power) | 2) family functions (control)

Question 37

Paternalistic families:

Answer 37

Fathers assume traditional role of breadwinners, moms take care of domestic matters

Question 38

Role Exist behaviors:

Answer 38

Process of disengagement from role that is ones self-identity in order to establish new identity Ex: running away

Question 39

Egalitarian families:

Answer 39

Families where husband/wife share similar power at home/work

Question 40

Power-control theory:

Answer 40

Maintains structure of gender relations w/in family explains gender differences in crime rate

Question 41

Peacemaking:

Answer 41

Punishing crime control strategies are counterproductive

Question 42

According to peacemaking strategy what is the key to connect society?

Answer 42

Mutual aid rather than coercive punishment is key to connect Society

Question 43

Restorative justice:

Answer 43

Focuses on needs of victims, community, offenders

Question 44

What's the concept for restorative justice?

Answer 44

- replace deterrence, incarceration w/ apology, healing | - respect for all

Question 45

"Shaming management"-

Answer 45

Acknowledges mistakes and suffered disappointment, try to make things right

Question 46

Reintegration shaming:

Answer 46

Concept that people can be reformed if understand harm an be brought back into society

Question 47

Sentencing circle:

Answer 47

Discussion between offenders, victims, community

Question 48

Social conflict:

Answer 48

Struggle for power in society | -Behavior conflicts between competing groups